EV314

RCC DESIGN 2

TAHA ALESAWY
 TODAY
WISDOM

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of success, WINNERS
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achieve it.

UNKNOWN
 FOUNDATION
Definition :
The low artificially built part of a structure which transmits the
load of the structure to the ground is called foundation.
OR
A foundation (also called a ground sill) is a structure that
transfers loads to the earth.
Major Building Parts

Superstructure

Substructure

Foundation
Foundations are made in various materials. They could be reinforced
concrete foundations or brick foundations or stone rubble masonry
foundations etc.
The choice of material to be used in the construction of foundations also
depends on the weight of the structure
on the ground.

The bearing capacity of soil plays a major role in deciding the type of
foundation.

Purpose: Transfer the building load to the soil.

When the load bearing capabilities of the soil is low, a footing is usually
used.
Functions
1. Prevent settlement (including differential
settlement) of a structure
2. Prevent possible movement of structure due to
periodic shrinkage and swelling of subsoil
3. Allow building over water or water-logged
ground
4. Resist uplifting or overturning forces due to
wind
5. Resist lateral forces due to soil movement
6. Underpin (support) existing or unstable
structures
 Foundation

Shallow Deep
Foundation Foundation

Spread Raft Compensated Pile Caissons

Footing Foundation Foundation Foundation Foundation
 Shallow Foundations
A shallow foundation is a type of foundation which transfers
building loads to the earth very near the surface
Shallow foundations are commonly used in smaller structures
such as residences and small buildings whose floor height is
limited to 10m
They are used when the surface soils are strong enough to
support the load imposed upon it.

Advantages
a. Cost (affordable)
b. Construction Procedure (simple)
c. Material (mostly concrete)
d. Labour (doesn’t need expertise)
 1- SPREAD FOOTING
Spread footings may be built in different shapes & sizes to
accommodate individual needs such as the following:
a) Square Spread Footings / Square Footings
b) Rectangular Spread Footings
c) Circular Spread Footings
d) Continuous Spread Footings
e) Combined Footings
f) Ring Spread Footings
a) Square Spread Footings / Pad Foundation
- support a single centrally located column
- use concrete mix 1:2:4 and reinforcement
- the reinforcement in both axes are to
resist/carry tension loads.
b) Rectangular Spread Footings/ Pad Foundation
- Useful when obstructions prevent
construction of a square footing with a
sufficiently large base area and when
large moment loads are present
PAD FOUNDATION
c) Circular Spread Footings
- are round in plan view
- most frequently used as foundation for
light standards, flagpoles and power
transmission lines.
d)Continuous Spread Footings /
- Used to support bearing walls
e) Combined Footings
- support more than one column
- useful when columns are located too close
together for each to have its own footing
f) Ring Spread Footings
- continuous footings that have been wrapped into a
circle
- commonly used to support the walls above-ground
circular storage tanks.
- The contents of these tanks are spread evenly
across the total base area and this weight is probably
greater that the tank itself
- Therefore the geotechnical analyses of tanks usually
treat them as circular foundations with diameters
equal to the diameter of the tank.
Ring Spread Footings
 2- MAT/RAFT FOUNDATION

Mat foundation is use:

a. when spread footings

would cover more than 50%
of the building footprint area
a mat foundation will be
more economical.

b. When structural loads

are so high or the soil
condition so poor
2- MAT/RAFT FOUNDATION
3- STRIP FOUNDATIONS
These are use to support a
line of loads such as a
load bearing wall.
They could also be used
where the line of column
positions are so close that
individual pad
foundations would be
pointless.
 Deep Foundations

- Purpose:
To transfer building loads deep into the earth. If
the depth of the foundation is greater than its
width the foundation is classified as a deep
foundation.
Deep foundations are used to transmit the loading
to a deeper, more competent strata
Types
a. Pile foundation
b. Caisson foundation
 PILES
It is installed in the ground to transfer the structural
loads to soils at some significant depth below the base of the
structure.
Pile caps are thick slabs used to
tie a group of piles together to
support and transmit column
loads to the piles.
 CAISSON FOUNDATION
It’s a prefabricated hollow box or cylinder. It is sunk into the
ground to some desired depth and then filled with concrete
thus forming a foundation.
 Which Foundation system should
be selected?

he most critical factor in determining the foundation

system of a building is the type and bearing capacity
of the soil.
Foundations Loads
 Types of loads.

}
1. Dead Load
2. Live Load
3. Wind Load
Building Loads

4. Horizontal
Pressures
Below Grade
5. Forces
(Uplift)
6. Earthquake

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 Loading Effects
The loading effects which occur in foundations, are generally
one or more of the following
three types:
♦ horizontal forces due to lateral loading such as wind on the
supported structure or friction between the underside of the
base and the ground − horizontal forces are not usually of
sufficient magnitude to affect the size of foundations,
♦ vertical forces due to columns and/or walls and the bearing
pressure from the ground underneath the base,
♦ moments due to loading from columns and/or walls etc.
which are eccentric to the centroid of the base.
Horizontal Pressure
 Soil presses against foundations.
 Sometimes called lateral pressure.
 Factors which influence pressure:
 Type of soil surrounding the foundation.
 Course well drained soils = low pressure
 Silt and clay = higher pressure (especially when wet)
 The water content of the soil.
 Water in soil causes hydrostatic pressure.
 Wet silt = 50% increase in pressure
 Wet clay = 3 times the pressure
 Excess water must be drained away to prevent excessive
hydrostatic pressure.
 The difference in soil height between opposite sides of
the foundation.
 Soil creep
 Problem with structures built on side slopes.

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Uplift Forces
 Uplift forces tend to pull or push the foundation out of
the ground.
 The primary pulling force is wind acting on the
building.
 The mass of the foundation is usually sufficient to
withstand this force.
 May be a problem on light airy structures with little or no
foundations.

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Push Forces
 The primary pushing force is frost
heave.
 Can be a serious problem
 Some building codes allow footings
above the frost line, but they must
be insulated according to building
code.
How do you prevent frost heave?
• Insure foundation or footing
is below frost line.
 Depth varies with clement.
 Stillwater = 18 to 24 inches

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 Earthquakes
 Earthquakes cause unique forces and intensify the
results of normal forces.
 Ground failure changes the characteristics of the
surface beneath a structure during an earthquake.

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 Foundation Requirements
Three primary foundation
requirements:
 Safe against Structural Failure
 Not Impairing Function of
Building
 Technically & Economically
Feasible

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The type of foundation required in any particular
circumstance is dependent on a number of factors
such as:

♦ the magnitude and type of applied loading,

♦ the pressure which the ground can safely
support,
♦ the acceptable levels of settlement,
♦ the location and proximity of adjacent
structures.
 Base Pressures
The assumption of a linear pressure distribution
under foundations results in one of three
possible pressure diagrams under the base. The
magnitude of the pressure in each case is
determined using elastic analysis.
 Case 1: Uniform Pressure
(compression throughout
When a base is subject to an axial load only in which the line of
action of the applied force passes through the centroid of the base
as shown in Figure, the pressure under the base is assumed to be
uniform throughout and is equal to P where:
 Case 2: Varying Pressure
(compression throughout)
When a foundation is subject to an eccentric load or a central load
combined with a moment, the pressure under the base can be either
compression throughout or compression and tension.
In the case of compression throughout as shown in Figure, the
magnitude can be determined using simple elastic analysis and is
equal to the sum of the axial stress and the moment stress, i.e.
 Case 3:Varying Pressure
(compression over part of the base)

In the case of compression over part of the base as shown in

Figure, the magnitude of the maximum pressure can be
determined using simple elastic analysis and is equal
 Design of Pad Foundations
CL 3.11
1- For Bending

 The critical section which should be considered for bending is at the face of
the column and extending across the full width of the base as shown in Figure
below.
 The area of reinforcement required is calculated in the same manner as for
beams using Clause 3.4.4.4.
 The minimum and maximum area of steel are determined using Table 3.25 and
Clause 3.12.6 respectively.
How to know which case is??
 Design of Pad Foundations
2- For Shear
 The critical sections which should be considered for shear
are as shown in Figure below .
 The shear stress at the column face should not exceed the
maximum values indicated in Clause 3.7.7.2,

 The direct shear stress should be checked at a distance of 1.0d

from the face of a column, and if it is less than v from Table 3.8
no shear reinforcement is required.
 Design of Pad Foundations
3- For Punching
Punching failure can occur on the inclined faces of truncated cones or pyramids,
depending on the shape of the loaded area.
The possibility of this type of failure can be checked by considering a shear perimeter
as indicated in Figure 3.16 of the code.
In the case of square/rectangular pad foundations the value of lc in Figure 3.16 is
equal to 1.5d as indicated in Clause 3.7.7.6. As in direct shear, when the value
of the shear stress is less than vc from Table 3.8 no shear reinforcement is
required.
 Design Procedure
Pad foundations should be checked for direct shear, punching shear, and bending. The shearing
forces and bending moments are caused by the ultimate design loads from the column and the
weight of the base should not be included in these calculations. The thickness of the base is often
governed by the requirements for shear resistance. The principal steps in the design calculations
are as follows:
♦ Calculate the plan size of the foundation using the permissible bearing pressure
and the critical loading arrangement for the serviceability limit state.
♦ Calculate the bearing pressure associated with the critical loading arrangement at
the ultimate limit state.
♦ Assume a suitable value of thickness (h) and determine the effective depth (d).
♦ Determine the reinforcement required to resist bending.
♦ Check that the shear stress at the column face is less than 5 N/mm2 or 0.8 cu f ,
whichever is the smaller.
♦ Check that the direct shear stress at a section 1.0d from the column face is less
than vc from Table 3.8.
♦ Check that the punching shear stress on a perimeter 1.5d from the column face is
less than vc from Table 3.8.
Example 1.
 Example 2
A rectangular pad foundation is required to support a single square column transferring an
axial load and a moment as shown in Figure . Using the data provided:
♦ check the base with respect to:
 bending,
 direct shear, and
 punching shear,

Design Data:
 Characteristic dead axial load on column 250 kN
 Characteristic imposed axial load on column 350 kN
 Characteristic dead moment on column 125 kN
 Characteristic imposed moment on column 175 kN
 Characteristic concrete strength fcu = 40 N/mm2
 Characteristic of reinforcement fy = 460 N/mm2
 Net permissible ground bearing pressure pg = 300 kN/m2
 Column dimensions 375 mm × 375 mm
 Exposure condition moderate