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Hypothesis Testing With Two Samples
Hypothesis Testing With Two Samples
and
σ σσ σσ
x n
2 2
n
2 2
xx
x . 1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
Sampling distribution
for x1x2 σxx
1 2
μ
1μ2 σx x
1 2
x1x2
12
s s
1 2
When the samples are large, you can use 1 and 2 in place
of 1 and 2. If the samples are not large, you can still use
a two-sample z-test, provided the populations are normally
distributed and the population standard deviations are
known.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 7
Two Sample z-Test for the Means
Using a Two-Sample z-Test for the Difference Between
Means (Large Independent Samples)
In Words In Symbols
1. State the claim mathematically. State H0 and Ha.
Identify the null and alternative
hypotheses.
2. Specify the level of significance. Identify .
3. Sketch the sampling distribution.
4. Determine the critical value(s). Use Table 4 in
Appendix B.
5. Determine the rejection regions(s).
Continued.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 8
Two Sample z-Test for the Means
Using a Two-Sample z-Test for the Difference Between
Means (Large Independent Samples)
In Words In Symbols
1. Find the standardized test zxx
1 2 1 2
μμ
σ
xx
statistic. 1 2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
z
z0 = 1.28 Continued.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 10
Two Sample z-Test for the Means
Example continued:
H0: 1 2 z0 = 1.28
Ha: 1 > 2 (Claim) z
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
1
2
2 49 4 4
σ n
1
1s
2
1n
2
1s
2
2
ˆ
nn
1 22 Continued.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 14
Two Sample t-Test
Two-Sample t-Test (Continued)
The standard error for the sampling distribution of x1x2is
11
σ
xx
σ
ˆ
nn Variances equal
1 2
1 2
and d.f.= n1 + n2 – 2.
1 2
and d.f =
Yes No n1 + n2 – 2.
Use the z-test. Use the t-test with
σ s
2
s
2
n
1 2
1 n
xx
2
1 2
t
d.f. = n1 + n2 – 2 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
t0 = 2.576
–t0 = –2.576
= 17 + 18 – 2 = 33 Continued.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 19
Two Sample t-Test for the Means
Example continued:
H0: 1 = 2
Ha: 1 2 (Claim) -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
t
–t0 = –2.576 t0 = 2.576
σ σ 11
11
1211 nsns 2 2
xx
1
ˆ 2
1
nn
1 2
2
n
n2 n
n 12 12
1
7
1
7
80
02
1
8
1
7
37
52
11
1
7
1
82 1
71
8
7
58
4
.0
3
55
(
0
.3
38
2
)
2
564
.92 Continued.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 20
Two Sample t-Test for the Means
Example continued:
H0: 1 = 2
Ha: 1 2 (Claim) -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
t
–t0 = –2.576 t0 = 2.576
d
–t0 μd t0
s n
( d
2
)
d
2
d nn
( 1
)
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 27
t-Test for the Difference Between Means
t-Test for the Difference Between Means
A t-test can be used to test the difference of two population
means when a sample is randomly selected from each
population. The requirements for performing the test are that
each population must be normal and each member of the first
sample must be paired with a member of the second sample.
The test statistic is
d d
n
and the standardized test statistic is
dμd
t .
sd n
The degrees of freedom are
d.f. = n – 1.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 28
t-Test for the Difference Between Means
Using the t-Test for the Difference Between Means
(Dependent Samples)
In Words In Symbols
1. State the claim mathematically. State H0 and Ha.
Identify the null and alternative
hypotheses.
2. Specify the level of significance. Identify .
3. Identify the degrees of freedom d.f. = n – 1
and sketch the sampling
distribution.
4. Determine the critical value(s). Use Table 5 in
Appendix B.
Continued.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 29
t-Test for the Difference Between Means
Using a Two-Sample t-Test for the Difference Between
Means (Small Independent Samples)
In Words In Symbols
1. Determine the rejection region(s).
2. Calculate d and sd . Use a table. d d
n
s
n d
( 2
)(d2
)
d nn
(1
)
d μd
1. Find the standardized test statistic. t
sd n
88 85 89 86 92 89 d4
3
d
2
3 11 19 10 11 11 8
33
9 121 361 100 121 121
d d
43
7
.1
67
n 6
s
n(d
2
)(d2 6
)
(
83)
3 1
849
10
4.
96
710
.24
5
d nn
(1
) 6
(5
)
Continued.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 33
t-Test for the Difference Between Means
Example continued:
H0: d 0
Ha: d > 0 (Claim)
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
t
t0 = 2.015
The standardized test statistic is
d μd 7 .1
670
t 1 .714 .
sd n 1 0 .2456
Fail to reject H0.
There is not enough evidence at the 5% level to support
the claim that the students’ scores after the course are
better than the scores before the course.
σ
pp
q
ˆn
1
p
ˆ
1
n
1
,
2
w
he
r
e
2
qp
1.
11
x
nx
A weighted estimate of p1 and p2 can be found by using
pn
x
np
1x
n
p 2, w h
ere 1 1ˆ
1 an d 2 2ˆ.
2
1 2
Continued.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 39
Two Sample z-Test for Proportions
Using a Two-Sample z-Test for the Difference Between
Proportions
In Words In Symbols
1. Find the standardized test statistic.
z(p
1
ˆ p
ˆ2)(p
1p2)
1 1
q
p
n n
1 2
H 0: p 1 p 2 = 0.01
Continued.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 42
Two Sample z-Test for Proportions
Example continued:
H 0: p 1 p 2
Ha: p1 < p2 (Claim) z
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
z0 = 2.33
z(p
1
ˆ p
ˆ2)(p
1p2)
(
0.
290
.3
2
)0
1.5
6
q
p
1 1
n n 1
(
0.
304
)(
0.
2
6
9
6
)
1
1
2
4
51
1
0
65
Fail to reject H0.
There is not enough evidence at the 1% level to support
the claim that the proportion of male college students who
smoke is lower then the proportion of female college
students who smoke.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 43