Chloroplast

Chloroplast

 Chloroplasts are the food

producers of the cell. The
organelles are only found
in plant cells and some protists
such as algae. Only plant cells
do have chloroplast.
 Chloroplasts are one of the many unique
organelles in the body, and are generally
considered to have originated as
endosymbiotic cyanobacteria.
 Photosynthetic cyanobacteria are free-
living close relatives of chloroplasts;
endosymbiotic theory posits that
chloroplasts and mitochondria(energy-
producing organelles in eukaryotic cells)
are descended from such organisms.
Function of Chloroplast

 Chloroplasts capture light

energy from the sun to
convert it into sugars that can
be used by cells. The entire
process is called
photosynthesis and it all
depends on the little green
chlorophyll molecules in each
chloroplast.
The Two Stages of
Photosynthesis
 Light Dependent Reaction

Just as the name implies, light-dependent

reactions require sunlight. In the light-
dependent reactions, energy from
sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and
converted into stored chemical energy,
in the form of the electron carrier
molecule NADPH (nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide phosphate) and the energy
currency molecule ATP (adenosine
triphosphate). The light-dependent
reactions take place in the thylakoid
membranes in the granum (stack of
thylakoids), within the chloroplast.
Calvin Cycle

 In the light-independent reactions

or Calvin cycle, the energized
electrons from the light-
dependent reactions provide the
energy to form carbohydrates
from carbon dioxide molecules.
The light-independent reactions
are sometimes called the Calvin
cycle because of the cyclical
nature of the process.
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