MAINLY MINERLAS OF

PERU
ZINC TIN IRON
HUAMAN HUAYTALLA SANDRO 16160215
ZINC
ZINC( esfalerite)

 Formula : Zn
 Colour : White metallic
 Lustre : Metallic
 Hardness : 2
 Specific Gravity : 6.9 - 7.2
 Crystal Habit : Hexagonal
Yauli – Junin (Volcan)

 This region shows mineralization related to

polymetallic epithermal systems, replacement bodies
and polymetallic vein systems, as well as porphyry
mineralization and skarns, thus indicating the great
potential of the area.
 It is valid to remember that in 2017 Yauli produced
146 thousand tons of zinc, 18 thousand tons of lead, 3
thousand tons of copper and 7.7 million ounces of
silver.
 Likewise, in the first half of 2018 it has accumulated
71.4 thousand tons of zinc, 8.8 thousand tons of lead,
1.4 thousand tons of copper and 3.9 million ounces of
silver.

https://www.volcan.com.pe/en/at-a-glance/
TIN
TIN (cassiterite)

 Formula : Sn
 Colour : Black or gray
 Lustre : Adamantino
 Hardness : 6 - 7
 Specific Gravity : 6.8 - 7.1
 Crystal Habit : Tetragonal
San Rafael – Puno (Minsur S.A.)

 Minsur is a Peru-based mining company engaged in

the extraction, foundation and refining of tin and
copper. It is also involved in the exploration for
new minerals deposits, with a focus on gold, silver,
lead, and zinc ores.
 Minsur was founded in 1966 and its headquarters
are located in Lima.
 Minsur runs 3 operations in Peru: San Rafael mine,
a tin mine which is third largest tin producer
worldwide; Pucamarca, a gold mine; and Pisco
smelter and refinery plant.
 On 31 January 2014, Minsur raised US$450 million
through issuance of international bonds, Bank of
America Merrill Lynch, JP Morgan
and Scotiabank were the Bookrunners of the bond.
Minsur stated that proceeds of the issuance are
used to repay the company $200 million credit
facility as well as for capital expenditures and
expansion projects.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsur
IRON
IRON (siderite)

 Formula : Fe
 Colour : Brown
 Lustre : Vítreo
 Hardness : 3,5 – 4,5
 Specific Gravity : 3,9 – 4,2
 Crystal Habit : Trigonal
Marcona - Ica

 The explotation method used is open

pit and carried out through a mining
cycle that is made up of a group of
operations that go from the extraction
of iron to the door in the San Nicolás
beneficiation plant.
TECHNICAL
VOCABULARY
1) Mohs Hardness Scale
The Mohs Hardness Scale is used
as a convenient way to help
identify minerals. A mineral's
hardness is a measure of its
relative resistance to scratching,
measured by scratching the
mineral against another
substance of known hardness on
the Mohs Hardness Scale. This
graphic outlines the index
minerals and some common
objects that are used to
determine a mineral's hardness.
https://www.nps.gov/articles/mohs-hardness-scale.htm
2)FORMULA
a series of letters and symbols that show
what substances make up
a particular chemical
element or compound

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/formula
3)Lustre
the state or quality of shining by reflecting li
ght; glitter, sparkle, sheen, or glos

https://www.dictionary.com/browse/lustre
4) color
Colour is best described by using primary or
simple colours, with descriptors and subsidiary
colours added as necessary, e.g. dull reddish-
brown, pale greenish-blue. Colour variants, e.g.
khaki, mauve, turquoise etc, should be avoided
as these are subjective and definitions may vary
from person to person.
Note: Although distinctive for some minerals,
colour is often not a reliable mineral property as
it can show considerable variation within a
mineral. Minute amounts of impurities can
change the colour of a mineral dramatically,
especially that of usually colourless or white
minerals. For example, quartz, which is normally
colourless can be violet (amethyst), pink (rose
quartz), yellow (false topaz), smoky brown-black
(cairngorm), etc.

https://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/minerals/colour.html
5) Specific gravity
A mineral's specific gravity is the ratio of its
mass to the mass of an equal volume of
water. For example, magnetite has a specific
gravity value of 5.2, meaning 1cm3 of
magnetite will be 5.2 times as heavy as
1cm3 of water.

https://byjus.com/physics/difference-between-density-
and-specific-gravity/

https://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/
minerals/gravity.html
6)Crystal Habit
Is the most commonly found shape or form
that a mineral adopts
If crystals are visible, use crystal
habit terms, otherwise use mode of
occurrence terms.
Crystal habit terms:
Prismatic - forming prismatic crystals,
equant to elongated;
Tabular - plate-like;
Acicular - needle-like;
Fibrous - fibre-like.

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Crystal-habit-illustrated-on-a-hexagonal-
crystal_fig10_221922270
https://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/minerals/habit.html
7)Epithermal
deposited from warm waters at rather
shallow depth under conditions in the lower
ranges of temperature and pressure —used of
mineral veins and ore deposits

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/epithermal

http://www.medellin.unal.edu.co/~rrodriguez/epitermales/depositos-epitermales.htm
8)SKARN
Skarn, in geology, metamorphic zone developed in
the contact area around igneous rock intrusions when
carbonate sedimentary rocks are invaded by large
amounts of silicon, aluminum, iron, and magnesium.
The minerals commonly present in a skarn include
iron oxides, calc-silicates (wollastonite, diopside,
forsterite), andradite and
grossularite garnet, epidote, and calcite. Many skarns
also include ore minerals; several productive
deposits of copper or other base metals have been
found in and adjacent to skarns. Granitic and dioritic
magmas are most commonly associated with skarns.
Skarns can be zoned, with the inner zones
successively replacing the outer ones as the wave
of metamorphism moves through the surrounding
rocks.

https://www.geologyforinvestors.com/skarn-deposits-
largest-source-tungsten/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarn
9)Refinery
A refinery is a facility where raw materials
are converted into some valuable substance
by having impurities removed. At an
oil refinery, crude oil is treated and made
into gasoline and other petroleum products.

https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/refinery