Tutorial 1 QnA

UEEA1313
BASIC ELECTRONICS
Chapter 1 Diodes
Question 1.1
 Draw an energy band diagram of a pn junction to illustrate the
location and name of all carrier types present in it?
 Question 1.2
Describe the process of how the potential barrier of pn junction
is formed.

When pn junction is formed, the n-region loses free electrons as they

diffuse across the junction. This creates a layer of positive charges near
the junction. As the electrons move across the junction, the p-region
loses holes as the electrons and holes combine. This creates a layer of
positive charges near the junction. These two layers of positive and
negative charges form the depletion region. As electrons continue to
diffuse across the junction, more positive and negative charges are
created until a point is reached where the total negative charge in the
depletion region repel any further diffusion of electrons into the p
region and the diffusion stop and reach equilibrium.
 Question 1.3
 Given a pn junction diode, draw and describe it current-voltage I-
V characteristic. Describe in details what happens when forward
bias is applied. Assume a complete diode model.
 Question 1.3 (cont)
 Given a pn junction diode, draw and describe it current-voltage I-
V characteristic. Describe in details what happens when forward
bias is applied. Assume a complete diode model.

When forward bias, VFB is applied across a diode. The current that flow
is called forward current, IF. At 0V, there is no forward current. When VFB
gradually increase, the forward voltage, VF and IF across the diode also
gradually increase. When VFB increase till a value where VF reaches
approximately 0.7 V, IF begins to increase rapidly. As VFB continue to
increase, IF continue to increase very rapidly but VF only increases
gradually about 0.7V because of the voltage drop across the internal
resistance of forward-bias diode which is not constant over the entire
curve.
Question 1.4
 Determine the voltage across the diode and resistance in
figures below, assuming the practical model.
Question 1.5
 Draw the voltage waveform for each of the circuits below and
include the voltage values. Then calculate the average output
voltage and PIV for the diodes. Assume ideal model.

Vavg = VP/π = 5/π = 1.6 V, PIV = 5 V Vavg = VP/π = -50/π = 15.9 V, PIV = 50 V
Question 1.6
 Determine the peak output voltage and average power
delivered to RL in figure below. Assume practical model.

Vrms(sec) = 0.5 × Vrms(pri) = 0.5 × 120 V rms = 60 V rms

VP(sec) = √2 × 60 V rms = 84.8 V
VP(out) = VP(sec) – 0.7 = 84.8 – 0.7 = 84.1 V
Vavg(out) = VP(out) / π = 26.78 V
Pavg = Vavg(out)2/RL = 26.782/220 = 3.26W
Question 1.7
 Find the average value of each voltage in figure below.

Vavg = Vp / π = 5 V / π = 1.59 V Vavg = 2Vp / π = 200 V / π = 63.7 V

Vavg = (2 (10 V) / π) + 10 = 16.4 V Vavg = (2 (40 V) / π) - 15 = 10.5 V

Question 1.8
 Analyze the circuit in figure below using practical model.
(a) What type of circuit is this?
(b) What is the total peak secondary voltage?
(c) Find the peak voltage across each half of the secondary.

(a) Center-tapped full-wave rectifier

(b) V(sec) = 120 V rms / 4 = 30 V rms,

VP(sec) = 1.414 (30 V rms) = 42.4 V

(c) VP(sec) / 2 = 42.4/2 = 21.2 V

Question 1.8 (cont.)
(d) Sketch the voltage waveform across RL.
(e) What is the peak current through each diode?
(f) What is the PIV for each diode?
(d)

(e) IP = VP / RL = 20.5 / 1k = 20.5 mA

(f) PIV = 2VP(out) + 0.7 V = 2(20.5) + 0.7 = 41.7 V

Question 1.9
 Draw the output waveform for the bridge rectifier in figure below.

120
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠(sec) = = 24 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
5

𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐) = 2 × 24 = 33.9 𝑉
𝑉𝑝(𝑜𝑢𝑡) = 𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐) − 1.4 = 33.9 − 1.4 = 32.5 𝑉
 Question 1.10
 Refer to the figure below, answer all the questions using practical model.
(a) Determine the transformer turn ratio, peak-to-peak ripple and dc output
voltages if the transformer has a 40 V rms secondary voltage rating, and the
voltage has a frequency of 60 Hz.

𝑁𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑐 120

𝑛= = = =3
𝑁𝑝𝑟𝑖 𝑉𝑝𝑟𝑖 40
Vp(out) = 1.414(40) – 1.4 = 55.16 V,

𝑉𝑝(𝑜𝑢𝑡) 55.16
𝑉𝑟(𝑝𝑝) = = = 1.39 𝑉
(𝑓𝑅𝐿 𝐶) (120 × 3.3𝑘 × 100𝜇)
1 1
𝑉𝐷𝐶 = 1− 𝑉 = 1− (55.16) = 54.47 𝑉
2𝑓𝑅𝐿 𝐶 𝑝(𝑜𝑢𝑡) 2 120 3.3𝑘 100𝜇
 Question 1.10 (cont.)
(b) Draw the voltage waveforms of VAB, VAD, and VCD in relationship to the
input waveforms.
Question 1.11
 Determine the output waveform for the circuits below:
Question 1.11
 Determine the output waveform for the circuits below:
Question 1.11
 Determine the output waveform for the circuits below:
Question 1.12
 Determine the output waveform for the circuits below:
Question 1.13
 Determine the output voltage waveform and peak
forward current for circuits below.

IF = (30 – 0.7 – 12)/2.2 = 7.86 mA IF = (30 + 12 – 0.7)/2.2 = 18.77 mA

Question 1.13

IF = (30 – 0.7 + 12)/2.2 = 18.77 mA IF = (30 – 12 – 0.7)/2.2 = 7.86 mA

 Question 1.14 (a)
Describe the output waveform of each circuit in figure below. Assume
the RC time constant is much greater than the period of the input.

(a)A sine wave with a positive peak

at +0.7 V, a negative peak at -7.3
V, and a dc value of -3.3 V.
 Question 1.14 (b)
Describe the output waveform of each circuit in figure below. Assume
the RC time constant is much greater than the period of the input.

(b) A sine wave with a positive

peak at +29.3 V, a negative peak at
-0.7 V, and a dc value of +14.3 V.
 Question 1.14 (c)
Describe the output waveform of each circuit in figure below. Assume
the RC time constant is much greater than the period of the input.

(c) A square wave varying from

+0.7 V down to -15.3 V, with a dc
value of -7.3 V.
 Question 1.14(d)
Describe the output waveform of each circuit in figure below. Assume
the RC time constant is much greater than the period of the input.

(d) A square wave varying from

+1.3 V down to -0.7 V, with a dc
value of +0.3 V.