VARIABLES

 VARIABLES ARE “CHANGING QUALITIES OR CHARACTERISTICS” OF

ERSONS OR THINGS LIKE AGE, GENDER, INTELLIGENCE, IDEAS,
ACHIEVEMENTS, CONFIDENCE, AND SO ON THAT ARE INVOLVED IN
YOUR RESEARCH STUDY.
 “VARY” MEANS UNDERGO CHANGES OR DIFFER FROM , VARIABLES
HAVE DIFFERENT OR VARYING VALUES IN RELATION TO TIME AND
SITUATION.
 FOR INSTANCE, AS YEARS GOES BY, YOUR AGE OR INTELLIGENCE
INCREASES. BUT PLACED IN A SITUATION WHERE YOU ARE AFFLICTED
WITH A DISEASE OR HAVE NO MEANS OF READING OR NO ACCESS
TO ANY SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE, YOUR INTELLIGENCE TEND
TODECREASE. (SUTER 2013, P.137)
BASIC TYPES
 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
-ARE THOSE THAT CHANGES N THE SUBJECT.
- IN AN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH, THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE AS THE
CONDITION OR TREATMENT APPIED TO THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP IS
UNDER CONTROL, DIRECTION, OR MANIPULATION OF THE RESEARCHER
OR EXPERIMENTER . FOR INSTANCE,TO DETERMINE THE DETERMINE THE
POSITIVE EFFECTS OF ONE MODERN GRAMMAR THEORY CALLED SFG
(SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR) ON IC (INTERCULTURAL
COMPETENCE), YOU APPLY THIS THEORY IN VARIED WAYS LIKE
REALIZING THIS IN A COLLABORATIVE, ORAL, OR WRITTEN ACTIVITY. IN
THIS CASE, THE SFG SERVES AS THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE AND THE IC
AS THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE.
VARIABLE RELATIONSHIPS

 IN A SCIENTIFIC WAY OF STUDYING CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS,

THESE TWO VARIABLES INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT ARE PART AND
PARCEL OF THE RESEARCH BECAUSE THE FIRST ONE IS THE CAUSE; THE
SECOND, THE EFFECT THAT YOU CAN SUBJECT TO ANY FORM OF
MEASUREMENT HOWEVER, AS YOU CARRY OUT THE RESEARCH, IT IS
POSSIBLE THAT ONE,TWO, OR MORE VARIABLES OR EXTRA VAR AND
VARIABLES CROP UP TO CREATE N IMPACT ON THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN THE INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES. BEING
EXTRA VARIABLES, THEY FORM THIS THER TYPE OF VARIABLES CALLED
EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES. FOR EXAMPLE, IN THE CASE OF SFG VS. IC,
(THE FIRST AS THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE; THE SECOND AS THE
DEPENDENT VARIABLE) EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES LIKE AGE, GENDER,
OR PERSONALITY TRAITS MAY SUDDENLY SURFACE TO CREATE
EFFECTS ON THE RELATIONSHIPS OF TWO BASIC VARIABLES
OTHER TYPE OF VARIABLES

 EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES ARE TO CONTROL:LED BY YOU,THE

EXPERIMENTER.BUT IF THEY DONOT GIVE IN TO YOUR CONTROL,THEY
BECOME CONFOUNDING VARIABLES THAT CAN STRONGLY
INFLUENCE YOUR STUDY.DEALING WITH THESE TYPES OF VARIABLES
GIVES YOU DIFFICULTY IN DETERMINING THE REAL CAUSE OF
CHANGES IN THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES; THAT IS, WHETHER IT IS
DUE ONLY TO THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE OR TO THE COMBINATION
BETWEEN THE CONFOUNDING AND THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES.THE
INVOLVEMENT CONFOUNDING VARIABLES IN THE RESEAN RESULTS IN
THE PRODUCTON OF “MIXED UP, CONFUSING, OR BEWILDERING
RESULT.” INVOLVED NOT WITHIN THE RESEARCH SITUATION BUT
OUTSIDE THE RESARCH PROCESS,THE EXTRANEOUS
THERE ARE OTHERS TYPES OF VARIABLES WHICH ARE
AS FOLLOWS(RUSSELL 2013;BABBIE 2013)

 1.CONSTANT- DO NOT UNDERGO ANY CHANGES DURING AN EXPERIMENT

 2.ATTRIBUTE- CHARACTERISTICS OF PEOPLE;
INTELLIGENCE,CREATIVITY,ANXIETY,LEARNING STYLES,ETC.
 3.COVARIATE- INCLUDED IN THE RESEARCH STUDY TO CREATE INTERACTIONS WITH
THE INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES
 4.CONTINUOUS- QUANTITATIVE IN NATURE AND IS USED IN INTERVAL OR RATIO
SCALE OF MEASUREMENT
 5.DICHOTOMOUS- HAS ONLY TWO POSSIBLE RESULT: ONE OR ZERO
 6.LATENT- CANNOT BE DIRECTLY OBSERVED LIKE PERSONALITY TRAITS
 7.MANIFEST- CAN BE DIRECTLY OBSERVED TO GIVE PROOFS TO LANTENT
VARIABLES
 8.EXOGENOUS- FOUND OUTSIDE AN IDENTIFIED MODEL
 9.ENDOGENOUS- FOUND INSIDE, AS A PART OF IDENTIFIED MODEL