Algorithm And Script Development For

The Power Density Of The Neutral

Beam Using IR Data
 Index
1) Solving the Heat Equation
2) Radiation Cooling
3) Calculation of cooling using Lumped Parameter Analysis
4) Validation of the solution of the Heat Equation
5) Simulation i) Continuous Simulation
ii) 5 Hz Modulation
6) Finding the power density profile using sample data from the IR camera
and curve fitting the resulting data to find the Gaussian equation
7) Applications in Matlab i) Reading a CSV file in Matlab
ii) Plotting a CSV file in Matlab
iii) Time stamp in a Matrix
iv) Selecting the portion around to the maximum
value of the stamped part
 The Heat Equation
𝜌 = 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
2
𝜕𝑤 𝜕 𝑤 𝐶𝑝 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝜌𝐶𝑝 =𝑘 + 𝑞ሶ
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑤 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
1 𝜕𝑤 𝜕 2 𝑤 𝑞ሶ 𝑘 𝑧 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
= + 𝛼=
𝛼 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑘 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝑞ሶ = 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑧 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒

1 𝜕𝑤 𝜕2𝑤 𝑞ሶ
Taking Laplace on both sides, 𝐿 =𝐿 + 𝐿
𝛼 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑘

1 𝜕 2 𝑊 𝑞ሶ
𝑠𝑊 = +
𝛼 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑘𝑠

𝜕 2 𝑊 𝑠𝑊 𝑞ሶ
− + =0
𝜕𝑧 2 𝛼 𝑘𝑠
 General Solution of the above differential equation is given by,

𝑠 𝑠
𝑧 − 𝑧
𝑊 𝑧 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝛼 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝛼 + 𝑐3

Substituting it in the original differential equation,

𝛼 𝑞ሶ
𝑐3 =
𝑘𝑠 2

𝑠 𝑠 𝛼 𝑞ሶ
𝛼𝑧
− 𝛼𝑧
Hence, 𝑊 𝑧 = 𝑐1 𝑒 + 𝑐2 𝑒 + 2
𝑘𝑠

𝑘 𝑘2
−
𝐿−1 𝑒 −𝑘 𝑠
= 𝑒 4𝑡 ,𝑡 > 0
We know, 4𝜋𝑡 3

𝑧 𝑧2 𝛼𝑞𝑡ሶ
Taking Laplace Inverse, 𝑤 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝐶 𝑒 −4𝛼𝑡
+
4𝜋𝛼𝑡 3 𝑘
 The solution of the heat equation is given by,

𝒛 𝒛𝟐 ሶ
𝜶𝒒𝒕
𝑻 𝒛, 𝒕 = 𝑪 𝒆−𝟒𝜶𝒕 +
𝟒𝝅𝜶𝒕𝟑 𝒌

Where, 𝑇 𝑧, 𝑡 = Temperature difference between the other side

of the plate and the room temperature

Or

𝒌 𝒛 𝒛𝟐
𝒒ሶ = 𝑻 𝒛, 𝒕 − 𝑪 𝒆−𝟒𝜶𝒕
𝜶𝒕 𝟒𝜶𝝅𝒕𝟑
 Radiation Cooling
𝑑𝑇
𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑝 = −𝐴 ∈ 𝜎(𝑇 4 − 𝑇04 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑇𝑓
𝑑𝑇 𝐴∈𝜎 𝑡
න 4 4
= න 𝑑𝑡
𝑇𝑖 (𝑇0 −𝑇 ) 𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑝 0

𝑇𝑓
𝑑𝑇 𝐴∈𝜎𝑡
න =
𝑇𝑖 (𝑇02 −𝑇 2 )(𝑇02 +𝑇 2 ) 𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑝
𝑇𝑓
𝑑𝑇 𝑇𝑓
𝑑𝑇 2𝑇02 𝐴 ∈ 𝜎 𝑡
න +න =
𝑇𝑖 (𝑇02 +𝑇 2 ) 𝑇𝑖 (𝑇0
2
−𝑇 2) 𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑝
𝑇𝑓 𝑇𝑓
1 −1
𝑇 1 𝑇0 − 𝑇 2𝑇02 𝐴 ∈ 𝜎 𝑡
tan + ln =
𝑇0 𝑇0 𝑇𝑖
2𝑇0 𝑇0 + 𝑇 𝑇𝑖
𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑝

𝑻𝟎 (𝑻𝒇 − 𝑻𝒊 ) 𝟏 𝑻 𝟎 − 𝑻𝒇 𝑻𝟎 + 𝑻𝒊 𝟐𝑻𝟑𝟎 𝑨 ∈ 𝝈 𝒕
𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒍𝒏 =
𝑻𝟐𝟎 + 𝑻𝒇 𝑻𝒊 𝟐 𝑻 𝟎 + 𝑻𝒇 𝑻𝟎 − 𝑻𝒊 𝝆𝑽𝑪𝒑
Calculations of Cooling time using Lumped Parameter Analysis
Assumptions:-
 Theory of Lumped parameter analysis of convection is also applied to Radiation.
 Conductivity is constant over temperature.
 Specific heat is constant over temperature.

Coefficient of Radiant Heat Transfer (Equivalent to Coefficient of convection)

Comparing radiation and convection heat transfer processes,
ℎ𝑐 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑎 = 𝜀𝜎(𝑇𝑠4 − 𝑇𝑎4 )
ℎ𝑐 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑎 = 𝜀𝜎 𝑇𝑠2 + 𝑇𝑎2 𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇𝑎 (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑎 )
ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝜎 𝑇𝑠2 + 𝑇𝑎2 𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇𝑎
For 38.5 Mw/m2 flux temperature rise of 10 mm thick plate is 2197.8 K.
𝒉𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟓𝟓𝟕. 𝟒𝟕
Condition for application of Lumped parameter analysis:
𝐵𝑖 𝐵𝑖𝑜𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 < 0.1
ℎ𝑙 𝑡
𝐵𝑖 = (𝑙 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚)
𝑘 2
0.005
𝐵𝑖 = 557.47 ∗
100
𝐵𝑖 = 0.027 < 0.1(𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑)

Transient Heat transfer for lumped parameter analysis:

𝑻𝒇 − 𝑻𝒂 𝐡 𝐀
− 𝝆𝐫𝐚𝐝 𝝉
= 𝒆 𝑽𝒄
𝑻𝒊 − 𝑻𝒂

This equation can be used to calculate the final temperature after the plate is allowed to cool.
Validation of the Solution for the Heat Equation
𝑧 𝑧2 𝛼𝑞𝑡ሶ
−4𝛼𝑡
𝑤 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝐶 𝑒 +
4𝜋𝛼𝑡 3 𝑘

𝜕𝑤 𝜕2𝑤
𝜌𝐶𝑝 =𝑘 + 𝑞ሶ
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑧 2

𝜕𝑤 𝐶𝑧 −
𝑧2 𝑧2 3 𝛼𝑞ሶ
= 𝑒 4𝛼𝑡
7− 5 + 𝑘
𝜕𝑡 4𝛼𝜋 4𝛼 2 𝑡 2 2𝛼𝑡 2

𝑧2
𝑧2 2 −4𝛼𝑡
𝜕𝑤 𝐶 𝑧 𝑒
= 𝑒 −4𝛼𝑡 −
𝜕𝑧 4𝛼𝜋 2𝛼𝑡

𝜕2𝑤 𝐶𝑧 −
𝑧2 3 𝑧2
2 = 𝑒 4𝛼𝑡 − 5+ 7
𝜕𝑧 4𝛼𝜋 2
2𝛼𝑡 2 4𝛼 𝑡 2

Substituting the above terms in the differential equation, we can see that the solution found
out gets satisfied.
 Simulations
There are two kinds of simulations:
1) Continuous simulation: The heat flux falls continuously on one side of the plate and we note the
temperature profile of the other side of the plate using IR cameras. The equation derived below helps
us to find the flux density of the beam falling on the front side and hence it profile as well.

𝒛 𝒛𝟐 ሶ
𝜶𝒒𝒕
𝑻 𝒛, 𝒕 = 𝑪 𝒆−𝟒𝜶𝒕 +
𝟒𝝅𝜶𝒕𝟑 𝒌

𝑇 𝑧, 𝑡 = Temperature difference between the back side of the plate and the room temperature
2) 5 Hz Modulation: The heat flux falls for the time of 100ms on the front side of the plate, heats up the
material and we measure the temperature on its back side. The material is allowed to cool for the same
time interval of 100ms during which radiation cooling takes place.
For the heating process we use the equation,

𝒛 𝒛𝟐 ሶ
𝜶𝒒𝒕
𝑻 𝒛, 𝒕 = 𝑪 𝒆−𝟒𝜶𝒕 +
𝟒𝝅𝜶𝒕𝟑 𝒌

The final temperature of the plate we get after heating becomes the initial temperature for the
radiation cooling equation is given by,

𝐓𝐟 − 𝐓𝐚 𝐡 𝐀
− 𝛒𝐫𝐚𝐝 𝛕
=𝐞 𝐕 𝐜
𝐓𝐢 − 𝐓𝐚

After putting the initial temperature in the above equation we get the final temperature which is again
used as the initial temperature for the heating equation, hence continuing the cycle in the same way.
 Example: Given two consecutive sample Temperature Data (Gaussians):

T1 =

T2 =
We can find out the Gaussian of 𝑞ሶ used in the above transformation using the formula,

𝒌 𝒛 𝒛𝟐
𝒒ሶ = 𝑻 𝒛, 𝒕 − 𝑪 𝒆−𝟒𝜶𝒕
𝜶𝒕 𝟒𝝅𝜶𝒕𝟑

𝑇 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
We find the profile as follows:

𝑞ሶ =
 After using curve-fitting we get the equation of the Gaussian as follows;
𝒙−𝒃𝟏 𝟐 𝒙−𝒃𝟐 𝟐
(− ) −
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒆 𝒄𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒆 𝒄𝟐

Coefficients (with 95% confidence bounds): Goodness of fit:

𝑎1 = 154.5 154.5,154.6 SSE: 1.847e-06
𝑏1 = −5.781𝑒 −13 (−6.449𝑒 −6 , 6.449𝑒 −6 ) R-square: 1
𝑐1 = 1.482 1.482,1.482
Adjusted R-square: 1
𝑎2 = 89.96 89.94, 89.98
RMSE: 0.0002833
𝑏2 = 2.786𝑒 −12 (−1.35𝑒 −5 , 1.35𝑒 −5 )
𝑐2 = 2.201(2.201, 2.201)

𝑐1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚.
If we continue to apply the formula of inverse heating and inverse radiation cooling for a number of intervals and a
graph between temperature at the center of the back plate and time is plotted, it will look like the one below;
 Applications in Matlab
1) Reading a CSV file in Matlab : Z = xlsread('C:\Users\SNEHASHISH\Downloads\Workbook.xls')

2) Plotting a CSV file in Matlab : X = 1:1:90

Y = 1:1:142
Z = xlsread('C:\Users\SNEHASHISH\Desktop\black.xlsx')
surf(X,Y,Z)
Similarly we can plot any Gaussian,

2 2 108
 r   r  𝑎1 𝑠 = 1.55 ∗
    (𝑠 + 1.49)2
 c1  s    c2  s  
PD  s, r   a1  s   e  a2  s   e
𝑐1 𝑠 = 2.96 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 𝑠 + 2.07 ∗ 10−3
107
𝑎2 𝑠 = 2.25 ∗ 2
𝑠 + 0.122
𝑐2 𝑠 = 4.41 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 𝑠 + 2.42 ∗ 10−3
3) Time stamp on a matrix :

>> A = xlsread('C:\Users\SNEHASHISH\Downloads\record.xlsx') >> C{2}

A=
ans =
5 4 3 8 12 1
1 0 8 5 7 2 7 4 5 8
6 8 5 7 0 15 9 10 0 6
7 4 5 8 1 0
9 10 0 6 5 9
>> C{3}
>> C = mat2cell(Z, [3 2], [4 2])
ans =
C=
12 1
[3x4 double] [3x2 double] 7 2
[2x4 double] [2x2 double] 0 15

>> C{1} >> C{4}

ans =
ans =
5 4 3 8
1 0 8 5 1 0
6 8 5 7 5 9
4) Select the portion around to the maximum value of the stamped part:

>> Z = xlsread('C:\Users\SNEHASHISH\Desktop\book1.xlsx') % reading the CSV file

Z=
5 4 3 8 12 1
1 0 8 5 7 2
6 8 5 21 0 15
7 4 5 8 1 0
9 10 0 6 5 9

>> [M,I]=max(Z(:)) % finding the element corresponding to the maximum value

M = 21

I = 18

>> [I_row, I_col] = ind2sub(size(Z),I) % finding the row no and the column no corresponding to the
maximum value element
I_row = 3

I_col = 4
>> Z_sub = Z((I_row-1):(I_row+1),(I_col-1):(I_col+1))

Z_sub =

8 5 7
5 21 0
5 8 1

Finally the heating and cooling operations are applied on the selected part.
Features
We can get the beam profile falling on the front side from the IR data
collected from the back side of the plate at any given time and
distance.
After getting the beam profile of the flux density, we can curve fit the
data to get the exact Gaussian profile of the beam, hence calculating
its divergence factors.
The analytic formula calculated for heating and cooling can be used
for the two kinds of modulation, i.e. the continuous simulation and
the 5 Hz modulation simulation.
Discussions (Still under study)
Since any beam with a Gaussian profile diverges with the travelling
distance, the temperature profile obtained at the back side of the
plate must be compressed by a certain divergence factor to get the
actual profile of the flux density falling on the plate.

The infrared cameras which measure the temperature profile on the

back side of the CFC plate are fitted at certain angles to the plate and not
perpendicular to it. Hence, the factor corresponding to it should be
considered.