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Cells and Organs of The Immune System
Cells and Organs of The Immune System
Chapter 2
Hematopoiesis
• HSC (Hematopoietic Stem Cell)
– Reside in Bone Marrow
– Pluripotent
– 1 HSC Per 50,000 BM Cells (~3x108 cells in Mouse
Bone Marrow)
– Extremely Proliferative If Need Arises
• HSC Differentiates to LPC (lymphoid progentor
cell) or MSC (myeloid stem cell)
• Growth Factors and Cytokines Determine Path
• Once LPC or MSC, Committed
• Stromal Cells Are Supporting Cells In BM
(endothelial, fat cells, fibroblasts, macrophages)
Hematopoietic Growth Factors
• Colony Stimulating Factors
– 4 types
• Multi-CSF (IL-3)
• M-CSF (Macrophage CSF)
• G-CSF (Granulocyte CSF)
• GM-CSF (Granulocyte Monocyte CSF)
• EPO (erythropoietin)
– Induces production of RBCs
Cell Death
• Orderly Self Destruction and Disorderly
• Neutrophils (5.0 x 1010) Last For a Few Days
• Aberrant Apoptosis Can Give Rise To Leukemia
• Apoptosis (orderly)
– Reduction In Cell Volume
– Chromatin Condensation
– DNA Degradation
– M Ingest Membrane Bound Bodies
– No Inflammation
• Necrosis
– Bursting of Cell Due To Injury
– Contents Released To Environment
– Inflammation
Genes Regulating Apoptosis
Detecting Apoptosis Using Flow
Cytometry
Annexin V-FITC
Cells of the Immune System
• Lymphoid Cells
– B-cells, T-cells and Null cells (NK cells)
– 20-40% of body’s leukocytes
– 99% of lymph node
– If inactivated said to be naïve
– Nucleus occupies almost entire cell
– 6 m diameter
Lymphoid Cells
Lymphoid Cells
Identifying Cell Using the CD
Nomenclature
• CD Cluster Of Differentiation
• Over 300 CD Markers
• T cells, CD4 or CD8 and CD3
• B cells, CD19
• NK cells, CD56
• Monocytes/Macrophages CD14
• Dendritic Cells, CD1c (Human), CD11c (mouse)
Null Cells
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Developmental Pathway of DCs
Follicular DCs
• Do Not Express MHC II Molecules
• Found in Lymph Follicles (Rich in B Cell)
• Express FcR For Antibodies and
Complement
• Ag-Ab Complex Shown To Last Very Long
(weeks to months)
Organs Of Immune System