Prescriptive

Process Models

• Spiral Model

• Prototyping Model

Made and presented by

Group No. 4
What is a Process Model?
 Process models are processes of the same nature
that are classified together into a model.
 A process model tells you, what processes will be
determined during actual system development.

3.
1. Process 2. Process
Development
Meta – Level Model
Runs
(Generic (Way of
(What
concepts) working)
happens)
Classification of Process Models
 By Coverage

 By Alignment

 By Granularity

 By Flexibility
Spiral Model
 This model was first described by Barry Boehm in
his 1986 paper "A Spiral Model of Software
Development and Enhancement".
 The spiral model has four phases, as follows:
1. Identification
2. Design
3. Construct or Build
4. Evaluation and Risk Analysis
 When should we use Spiral Model?
 When there is a budget constraint and risk evaluation is important.
 For medium to high-risk projects.
 Customer is not sure of their requirements which is usually the
case.
 Spiral Model Pros:
 Changing requirements can be accommodated.
 Requirements can be captured more accurately.
 Users see the system early.
 Spiral Model Cons:
 Not suitable for small or low risk projects.
 Management is more complex.
 End of the project may not be known early.
Spiral Model
Prototyping Model
 Software prototyping is the activity of creating
prototypes of software applications.

 Prototyping can also be used by end users to

describe and prove requirements that have not
been considered initially.

 That can be a key factor in the commercial

relationship between Developers and their Clients.
 When should we use Prototyping Model?
 Prototyping Model should be used when the requirements of the
product are not clearly understood or are unstable.
 Can also be used if requirements are changing quickly.
 Prototyping Model Pros:
 The customers get to see the partial product early in the life cycle.
 New requirements can be easily accommodated as there is scope
for refinement.
 Flexibility in design.
 Prototyping Model Cons:
 Costly with respect to time as well as money.
 There may be too much variation in requirements each time the
prototype is evaluated by the customer.
 The customer might lose interest in the product if he/she is not
satisfied with the initial prototype.
Prototyping Model