CREDIT SEMINAR

(Flori. 591)
MANISHA PARIHAR
Marigold: a potential crop for loose flower production

Religious offerings, Garlands, Social functions,

Bedding, Shrubbery, Herbaceous border

Pots, Rockery ,Edging, Hanging baskets

Carotenoids (80-90% lutein)

Tagetes oil (perfumery, cosmetics etc)

Nematicidal properties
 Genus : Tagetes

 Species: >50 species (T.erecta, T.patula, T.minuta,

T.tenuifolia, T.lucida etc.)

 Family : Asteraceae

 Origin : Mexico (Kaplan 1960)

 Chromosome no. : x=12

2n=24 (Diploid)
2n=36 (Triploid)
2n=48 (Tetraploid)
 Species:
• T. erecta (African marigold): (2n=24)
Tall(90-120cm), single to fully double globular
heads (15 cm), dark orange, yellow

• T. patula (French marigold): (2n=4x=48)

(T.erecta × T. tenuifolia)
Dwarf(15-40cm),single or double (2.5-5 cm), Orange Red, Yellow, variegated
petals

• T. minuta: (2n=4x=48)
Upright, small white flowers in clusters
oil yield : 0.8%- leaves
1.0% -flowers
• T. tenuifolia ( T.signata): (2n=24)
Compact ,bushy, single, orange to yellow
De and Bhattacharjee,2011
 CYTOGENETICS

FLORAL BIOLOGY

BREEDIND BEHAVIOUR
MARIGOLD
BREEDING: INHERITANCE OF QUANTITATIVE
AND QUALITATIVE CHARACTERS

MALE STERILITY

BREEDING OBJECTIVES

BREEDING METHODS

VARIETAL DEVELOPMENT
 Cytogenetics:
• Tagetes erecta 2n = 24 and T. patula 2n= 48 chromosomes were detected (Banerji,1974)

• Diploid species (2n=24) T.erecta

T.elongata
T.lucida
T. Lemmonii
T. jaliscensis

• Tetraploid species (2n=48)

T.patula
T.minuta
T.biflora
T. remotifolia
T. mendocina

(Eyster ,1939; Towner,1961; Arora ,1989)

Inflorescence:
Head or capitulum

Ray florets:
Periphery, pistillate
Calyx: Absent or
hairy pappus

Corolla: 5

Androecium: Absent
Gynoecium: Bicarpellary,
syncarpous,
ovary inferior
• HETEROGAMY
• Disc Florets:
Towards centre, bisexual
Calyx: Absent or hairy
pappus
Corolla: petals 5,
tubular

Androecium: Stamens
5,epipetalous

Gynoecium: Bicarpellary,
Syncarpous,
stigma Y-shaped
HOMOGAMY
Head: 40-100 seeds
FRUIT: ACHENE
 BREEDING BEHAVIOUR:

• T. erecta and T. patula self -compatible and cross pollinated

• T.tenuifolia is self incompatible

• Cross /self pollination in T.erecta : 35:65

T.patula : 70:30

• Marigold is facultative out breeder

Khoshoo, 1979
Inheritance of qualitative and quantitative traits

Flatness of floret is monogenically dominant over tubular florets

Punnet ,1924

Flower colour is governed by 2 or more factors

Punnet ,1937

Double flowering habit of marigold is monogenically dominant over

single flowering
Towner 1961, Singh 1970

In T.erecta, the gene for lack of petals is very tightly linked to the
male sterility. Linkage has proved to be of high commercial value
Watts, 1980
Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility in Marigold

MALE STERILITY

APETALOUS DOUBLE FLOWERED

(Goldsmith,1968)

Apetalous sterility is preferred

Inheritance of Apetalous Male Sterility

MALE STERILE LINE MALE FERTILE LINE

MS7 and MS8 Sel 21

F1 All MALE FERTILE (Msms)

Selfing

F2 (3:1) MALE FERTILE : STERILE

Gupta et al., 1999

 Maintenance of male sterility
• Maintained by crossing male sterile line with
heterozygous male fertile plants Arora ,1989

HETEROZYGOUS MALE
MALE STERILE
(msms) x FERTILE
(Msms)

F1 HYBRID
1:1 (MALE FERTILE AND MALE STERILE)

ROGUING OF MALE FERTILE PLANTS

 High yield , better quality

Wide range of colours

Wide range of plant sizes and flower forms

Odourless cultivars

High carotenoid content

Suitable for shady and damp conditions

Resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses

Resistant to insect, pest and diseases

 INTRODUCTION EVALUATION
AND SELECTION

BREEDING
METHODS

MUTATION
HYBRIDIZATION BREEDING

BIOTECHNOLOGY
 Introduction and evaluation
Alaska, Dubloon
Loose Fire Glow, Golden Jubilee, Yellow
Fuffy

African marigold
Geraldine, Golden Climax Giant,
Orange Fluffy ,Orange Mums,
Cut Sovereign, Sun Giant, Super Chief
Double, Yellow Climax

Rusty red , Butter Scotch,

loose
Red Brocade

French marigold

Bedding Valencia, Sussane,Tetraploid

Chadha,1995
 HYBRIDIZATION

INTERSPECIFIC INTERVARIETAL
Inter-Specific hybridization between Tagetes erecta x Tagetes tenuifolia and
Tagetes erecta x Tagetes jaliscensis has been done
Towner (1961, 1962)

T.erecta x T.patula
(2n=24) (2n=48)

F1 HYBRID
RED AND GOLD HYBRIDS
( TRIPLOIDS )

 Produce larger flowers for longer durations

 IARI, NEW
DELHI

Pusa Narangi Gainda Pusa Basanti Gainda

Pusa Narangi Gainda Cracker Jack Golden Jubilee

Pusa Basanti Gainda Golden Yellow Sun Giant

CHARACTERS PUSA NARANGI GAINDA PUSA BASANTI GAINDA

HEIGHT 80-85 cm 60-65 cm

DURATION IN 100 days 130 days
VEGETATIVE PHASE
DAYS TO FLOWER 125-135 days 135-145 days
FLOWERING 45-60 days 45-50 days
DURATION
YIELD 25-30 tonnes/ha 20-25 tonnes/ha
CAROTENOID 329mg/100g petals -
CONTENT
FLOWER COLOUR ORANGE LEMON
SEED YIELD 100-125 Kg 75-100kg
PLANTING TIME OCT OCT
 F1 HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION USING MALE STERILE LINE

Uniform growth, early, profuse and uniform flowering,

F1 HYBRIDS longer flowering duration, increased flower weight and
size, elongated flower stalk etc.

Bagging of male sterile lines (MS 5,MS 7) before anthesis with a muslin cloth

Pollination with Pusa Narangi Gainda (50% flowering stage)

During morning hours (1000 and 1300 hours), 3-4 hand pollinations were
done for 3 consecutive days to ensure good seed set.

seeds collected at maturity(45 to 60 days after pollination)

Kumar et al., 2003

 MUTATION BREEDING
Studies on induced mutagenesis in marigold cv. Pusa Narangi
Gainda through gamma radiation
Dose of Days Seed Plant Plant Days to Days to Flower Flowers %
gamma taken to germina survival height bud flower head /plant abnorm
rays seed tion% % (cm) opening opening (cm) ality
(GY) germina
tion

0 4.20 90.00 85.00 60.33 41.30 53.20 4.10 13.76 3.33

50 4.66 85.00 79.33 58.96 42.43 53.96 4.13 14.16 20.0
100 5.20 75.66 72.00 48.86 47.50 56.43 4.00 6.60 26.66
150 7.13 60.00 56.33 37.13 57.30 60.90 3.10 5.69 33.33
200 7.53 50.00 42.66 33.43 58.70 62.63 2.37 2.60 43.33

Singh, 2013
 Polyploidy

 Polyploidy- T.erecta using colchicine

enhancement of size of capitulum
reduction in height of plant.
Mathew and Abraham,1980

 Induction of polyploidy in African marigold cv. African Giant

Double Orange
reduced survival rate, plant height, delay in
flowering, increase in number of
flowers/plant while decrease in flower size was
observed.
Kumar,1986
 Biotechnology
In marigold, roughing of 50% male fertile plants was not possible at
seedling stage on phenotypic basis
– Identification of molecular marker that were closely linked to the male sterility
locus permit early identification of individual plant genotypes in breeding
programme

Tanksley et al., 1989

– SCAR marker linked to a recessive male sterile gene (Tems) in Tagetes erecta
was located within 2.4 cM from Tems locus.

SCAR marker permits the efficient marker-assisted selection of male

sterile individuals in marigold and greatly facilitate the development
of F1 cultivars.
He et al .,2008
Comparison of seed-derived with micropropagated male-sterile
plants of Tagetes erecta L. for F1 hybrid seed production

• MS5 and MS7 genotypes were more vigorous in growth (plant

height, number of secondary branches and number of leaves and
plant spread), early flowering(2-3 weeks) and high number of
flowers was also reported from tissue culture derived plants.

Kumar et al., 2002

CONTRIBUTION OF BURPEE SEEDS, CALIFORNIA

Lemon Gold
• 1st fully double marigold in 1905

Red and gold hybrids

• 1st interspecific hybrids in 1939

Odourless cultivar
• Crown of gold

White marigolds
• Snowball variety in 1975

Varieties for poultry industry

• 1ST Deeply pigmented varieties: Orangeade, Deep Orangeade,
Scarletade
series
• Nugget, Climax , Gold coin
 Alice Vonk of Sully, Iowa
In 1954, David Burpee, More than 8,000 for 21 years continued
offered a prize of gardeners sent in their sending seeds, hoping
$10,000. seeds each year. she had the winning
mixture.

It took 56 years to find Burpee finally awarded

the right recipe mix to the prize
produce a white to Alice Vonk in
marigold September, 1975
 VARIETAL DEVELOPMENT IN MARIGOLD
AFRICAN MARIGOLD: Pusa Narangi Gainda , Pusa Basanti Gainda

EXOTIC

OP F1

Golden Age, Spun Gold, Spun

Yellow, Snow Bird, Yellow Stone, First Lady, Primrose, Golden
Crown of Gold, Chrysanthemum Jubilee, Beauty Gold, Inca Series
Charm, Cracker Jack, Climax ,
Dubloon
 VARIETIES

FRENCH TRIPLOIDS

Butter Scotch, Valencia, Rusty Red Nugget, Yellow Nugget, Red Glow,
,Red Brocade, Star Dust, Happy Showboat,Gold Seven Star, Red
Orange, Happy Yellow, Honeycomb, Seven Star
Lemon Drop, King Tut

VARITIES GROWN IN PUNJAB:

FRENCH: Jaffri Orange, Jaffri Yellow

AFRICAN: Summer Saugaat, Pusa Narangi Gainda , Pusa Basanti

Gainda, Siracole and local ones.
 Status Climate
Soil
Growing
conditions Propagation
Planting
Transplanting
Nursery raising Spacing

COMMERCIAL Intercultural
operations
Weeding
Irrigation
PRODUCTION OF Harvesting Manures and
fertilizers
MARIGOLD IN INDIA ,packing and
yield Pinching

Nematode
management

Diseases and
pest

Value addition
STATUS OF MARIGOLD PRODUCTION IN INDIA

NHB 2012-13
 STATUS OF INDIA STATUS OF PUNJAB

Sr Total Production DISTRICT AREA(ha)

State
No. (000 tonnes)
1 Karnataka 74.00 Sangrur 94 ha

2 Gujarat 66.54
Patiala 74 ha
3 Maharashtra 65.00
4 Haryana 63.73 Amritsar 33.9 ha
Andhra
5 38.41
Pradesh SAS Nagar 21 ha
6 Orissa 24.71
Jalandhar 19 ha
7 Chattisgarh 19.93
Uttar Gurdaspur 14 ha
8 7.15
Pradesh
Jammu & Others ˜42 ha
9 0.33
Kashmir
10 Pondicherry 0.30 TOTAL: 297.8 ha
Total 360.10
Deptt .of Horticulture,
NHB 2012-13
2012-13 Punjab
 Climate, Soil and Light
Climate: Photoperiod:
 Mild climate • Quantitative short-day to
Day 18-25 °C day-neutral
• T. erecta more responsive
Night 15-18 °C than T. patula
• Critical photoperiod (T.
 open sunny
erecta ) = 12.5 - 13 hours
 High temperature adversely affects growth
and quality of flowers • Light: High light intensities
 In severe winter plants are damaged by frost

Soil:
Well drained, Sandy loam, rich in organic matter,
good water holding capacity
pH 7-7.5, EC<1.0 mmhos /cm
 Propagation

SEEDS: CUTTINGS:
• True to type
VIABLITY : 1-2 YEARS

SEED RATE • Apical 6-8cm long, treat with IBA

Open pollinated : 1-1.5 Kg/ha 500-1000ppm
F1 hybrid : 250g/ha • Multiplication in rainy season
Germination : 5-7 days,
24-26.6°C
 PLANTING AND TRANSPLANTING
SEASON SOWING TIME TRANSPLANTING HARVESTING TIME
TIME

RAINY JUNE-JULY JULY-AUGUST SEP –OCT EVEN

UPTO DEC

WINTER SEP-OCT OCT-NOV NOV-DEC

SUMMER JANUARY FEB MARCH-APRIL

TRANSPLANTING
• Field preparation
• FYM : 20-25Kg/m²
• Hardening of seedlings

• STAGE : 4 leaf stage, 20- 25 DAS

• TIME : Cool hours, evening
 Pinching

• Large number of lateral shoots

• Well shaped bushy plant
• Good quality uniform flowers

• Pinchingis done 40 days after

transplanting

•Late pinching at 50-60 days proved less

effective
 SPACING

AFRICAN FRENCH
60 ×60 cm
60 ×40 cm
60 × 30 cm
30 × 30 cm
45 × 30 cm
40 × 40 cm 30 × 40 cm
DFR Bulletin, Marigold 2011

PUNJAB CONDITIONS: AFRICAN 60 ×60 cm

FRENCH (Jafri) 60× 40 cm
 IRRIGATION

SOIL TYPE SEASON

SUMMER : 4-5 days

RAINY : As per climatic
• LIGHT SOIL : Frequent
conditions
• HEAVY SOIL: Less WINTER : 10-12 days

WEEDING
•Major problem in rainy season crop

•3-4 manual weeding

 Manures and Fertilizers

 FYM : 25t/ha
 N:P:K : 100:75:75 Kg/ha
 Basal dose : Half N and Full P,K
2nd dose of N : 30-40 DAT
 Micronutrient spray : Zn and B

DFR Bulletin, Marigold 2011

 Foliar(leaf) analysis ranges
Element Percentage
N 3.32 to 3.62
P 0.49 to 0.54
K 2.79 to 2.88
Ca 2.36 to 2.72
Mg 1.33 to 1.44
S 1.34 to 1.44

Element ppm
Fe 92 to 115
Mn 275 to 558
Zn 76 to 97
Cu 19 to 25
B 34 to 40
Mo 0.22 to 0.62

Plant analysis handbook ii,micromacro publishing,1996

•STAGE: Fully open

•TIME: cool hours of the

day

•Regular plucking and

removal of dried flowers
enhance the yield
considerably
AFTER 20-25
45-50 DAYS
SOWING DAYS
HARVESTING
TRANSPLANTING
• PACKING:
Keep the flowers in cool place before packing
Local market = Gunny bags
Distant market = Bamboo baskets

• YIELD:
Varies with cultivar, planting time and other cultural
practices
AFRICAN MARIGOLD - 15-18t/ha
FRENCH MARIGOLD - 10-12 t/ha

Rainy Season : 20-25 t/ha

Winter Season : 15-17.5 t/ha
Summer Season : 10-12 t/ha
 Effect of planting dates on growth characters of African
Marigold cv. Sirakole
TREATMENT PLANT PLANT PLANT DAYS FOR 1st FLOWER NUMBER OF
HEIGHT SPREAD SPREAD FLOWERING DIAMETER FLOWERS/ha
(cm) (N-S)cm (E-W)cm (cm) (000
numbers)

15th Nov 48.42 35.31 34.62 70.48 5.00 3124.25

2007

15th Dec 51.58 32.47 33.97 69.22 4.28 2972.81

2007

15th Jan 52.87 31.86 32.26 60.13 3.83 2770.37

2008

15th Feb 36.95 21.02 20.04 59.71 3.46 2392.59

2008

Mohanty et al., 2012

Response of spacing on flowering of French marigold cv. Red Brocade

Karuppaiah et al., 2005

In African marigold cv. Orange Double results revealed that the wider spacing
(60x60cm) recorded more number of branches , flowers, seed yield /plant and
per hectare than closer spacing of 60 x 40 cm
( Sunitha et al.,2007)
 Influence of pinching on growth of African marigold cv. Pusa Narangi Gainda

Pinching Plant Plant Plant No. of No. of No. of Days Flower No. of Fresh Yield of
height spread spread primary secondar leaves taken for duration flowers/ weight flowers
branches y /plant flower plant of (q/ha)
(cm) (N-S) (E-W) /plant branches initiatio flowers
/plant n (g)

20 68.35 48.73 48.03 17.87 12.79 151.25 48.08 81.96 18.36 146.68 123.15
DAT

40 71.26 47.41 45.71 18.87 11.20 154.87 62.10 93.81 19.51 157.60 131.48
DAT

Sharma et al., 2006

Effect of fertilizer application on growth and flower yield in marigold
TREATMENT IMPROVED CHARACTERS REFERENCE
100 kg N/ha Maximum flower diameter, Sreekanth et al., 2006
yield /plant, yield /ha and
colour intensity in Pusa
Narangi Gainda
100 kg P/ha Maximum flower diameter, Sharma et al., 2009
dry and fresh weight, yield
of flowers, chlorophyll ‘a’
and shelf life of flowers in
Pusa Narangi Gainda
0.5% zinc sulphate + 0.5% Early flowering , highest Balakrishnan et al., 2007
ferrous sulphate flower diameter, number of
flowers /plant ,highest
flower weight and flower
yield in winter season.
0.2% boric acid Highest flower weight Balakrishnan et al., 2007

0.5% zinc sulphate + 0.2% Highest flower yield in Balakrishnan et al .,2007

boric acid monsoon season
Influence of N,P and pinching on growth of African marigold cv Pusa Narangi Gainda

Sharma et al 2006
 EFFECT OF HAND WEEDING AND WEEDICIDES

• Highest flower yield in African marigold was recorded with

two hand weedings (20, 40 DAS)

• Flower yield was at par among the pre-plant application of

trifluralin 1.0 kg/ha and manual weeding

Kumar et al., 2010

EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON FLOWERING AND YIELD
ATTRIBUTES OF AFRICAN MARIGOLD (TAGETES ERECTA L.) CV. PUSA
NARANGI GAINDA

Kumar et al., 2014

Kumar et al., 2014
 DISEASES AND PEST
Diseases/ Pests Symptoms and damage Managements
Damping off seedling stage Proper drainage and avoid over
Rhizoctonia solani Brown necrotic spots , girdling on the radicle, watering, sterilization of soil with Cu
collapse of seedlings fungicides or drench the beds with
copper oxy chloride 3g/ litre of water
Alternaria leaf spot Minute brown necrotic circular spots on lower Spraying fungicides regularly
A. tagetica, A.zinniae, leaves and later progress upwards, spots Dithane M-45(0.2%) or Bavistin(0.1%)
A.alternate enlarge, premature death

Collar rot Rotting of root and collar portions Soil sterilization and controlled
Rhizoctonia (African marigold more prone) watering,carbendazim@1g/l
solani ,Pythium sp,
Sclerotium rolfsii

Botrytis flower blight Rainy season, ashy grey spots on buds and Good sanitation, adequate spacing,
Botrytis cinerea stems, mancozeb(0.2%)

Red spider mite suck the plant sap, white dots on foliage spray sulphur@3g/l or
Tetranucus sp. Kelthane(2ml/l)

Aphids Nymphs and adults suck the sap from the flowers Malathion 2ml/l or dimethoate 2ml/l
Aphis gossypii causing discolouration and withering.
 Study the efficacy of Systemic and Non Systemic fungicides
against leaf spot (Alternaria tagetica) of African marigold cv.
Pusa Narangi Gainda

• Score (0.05%) was the best in reducing the intensity of leaf spot
disease on foliage and flowers

• Rovral (0.2%) and Dithane M-45 (0.2%)

Singh et al., 2003

 Marigold for nematode
management

Marigold roots release the sulphur • Gom-mers and

containing chemical alpha- terthienyl Bakker, 1988

Compound is nematicidal, insecticidal, • Arnason et al,1989;

antiviral and cytotoxic Marles et al,1992

Alpha- terthienyl inhibits the hatching of • Siddiqui and Alam,

nematode eggs 1988
• Species for nematode control:
Tagetes patula, T. erecta, and T.
minuta
• Mode of suppression: Allelopathy

• The nematicidal activity of marigold

is effective when actively growing
not when incorporated as crop
residues or root extract

• Marigold can suppress 14 genera of

plant-parasitic nematodes
(Suatmadji 1969)
 Tagetes patula: Single Gold
 T. hybrid : Polynema
 T. erecta : Cracker Jack

Root-knot nematode species: Meloidogyne arenaria,

M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. hapla

 Intercropping banana , tomato with marigolds

‘Cracker Jack’ and ‘Single Gold’ reduced population
densities of Meloidogyne, Radopholus, Rotylenchulus,
and Pratylenchus nematodes
Wang et al., 2007
 VALUE ADDITION
IN MARIGOLD

Yellow colourant
Tagetes oil
from flowers
 Lutein from marigold
Most abundant plant source of lutein is marigold flower(Tagetes erecta L.)

 Lutein is used to intensify the colour of egg yolk and broiler skin
Karadas et al., 2006
 Marigold (dried petals) is added to butter creams to increase shelf life
Sowbhagya et al., 2004
 Lutein is an agent of cancer prevention and enhanced immune function
Chew et al., 1996

T.erecta flowers are used as a source of a yellow cloth dye

 EXTRACTION OF PIGMENTS FROM MARIGOLD FLOWERS:
Xanthophyll is estimated by AOAC method

Grounding
Harvesting of fresh Sun drying (passed through
flowers (2-3 days) seive no. 40)

2g sample, put into 100 ml

volumetric flask

Flask kept in dark for 1 hour before 30 ml of extractant added

starting chromatography. (hexane-acetone-alcohal-taulene
(10+7+6+7) and swirled for 1 min.

Add 30 ml of Hexane again and Solution kept in dark for 16 hours. Add
dilute to volume with Na2SO4 and 2 ml of 40% methanolic KOH and again
then shaken vigrously for 1 min
kept in dark for 1 hour.

(Lawrence, 1990)
B) Column Chromatography:
Set of laboratory techniques for the separation of mixtures
• Adsorbant cotton is kept in the bottom and 12 cm layer of adsorbant (Silica gel and
diatomous earth) was added.
• Full vacuum applied and more adsorbant is added (7 cm layer).
• Use glass rod to press and flatten the surface of adsorbant.
• A 2 cm layer of anhydrous Na2SO4 is placed above adsorbant and pressed firmly.
• The various constituents of the mixture travel at different speeds, causing them to
separate.
Column chromatography equipment used for extraction of various
pigments
 Variation in pigment levels in different varieties of African Marigold

Treatment Varieites
V1 V2 V3 V4 Mean
T1 38.45 64.08 66.07 42.72 52.83
T2 18.61 42.95 23.86 36.39 30.45
T3 24.82 15.27 8.95 20.88 17.48
T4 169.92 198.56 92.48 113.36 143.58
Mean 62.95 80.21 47.84 53.34

T1 : Hexaane-Acetone (96+4) for carotenes

T2: Hexaane-Acetone (90+10) for Monohydroxy pigments
T3: Hexaane-Acetone (80+20) Dihydroxy pigments
T4: Hexaane-Acetone-Methanol (80+10+10) for total Xanthophyll
V1: African Giant Double Orange
V2: Hawai Orange Doule
V3: Pusa Narangi Gainda
V4: Yellow Supreme Double

Singh, 2004
 SCREENING OF AFRICAN MARIGOLD FOR CAROTENOID PIGMENTS

CULTIVAR TOTAL CAROTENOIDS TOTAL CAROTENOIDS

(mg/g Fresh weight) (kg/ha)
Pusa Narangi Gainda 2.69 22.84
Orange Double 2.66 51.07
Hyd. local Sel.-1 1.07 4.87
Pusa Basanti Gainda 1.37 6.07
African Tall Double Orange 1.87 8.75

Hyd. local Sel.-2 0.20 0.81

Hyd. local Sel.-3 0.64 1.49
Hyd. local Sel.-4 0.32 0.83
Yellow Double 0.87 5.66
Lemon Yellow 0.55 1.94
CD (p=0.05) 0.03 0.33
Rao et al.,(2005)
 Tagetes oil
Species : T.minuta
Distribution : HP, J&K and
Uttarakhand

• High grade perfume

• Anti-infectious, anti-microbial,
antibiotic, anti-spasmodic,
anti-parasitic, antiseptic,
insecticide and sedative.
 CONCLUSION:

 Marigold is potential loose flower crop

 Male sterility is important tool for F1 hybrid seed
production
 Interspecific hybridization led to the development of
triploids
Intervarietal hybrids (PNG,PBG) revolutionalized
marigold cultivation
 MAS to detect male sterility at juvenile stage
 Increasing demand for lutein and oil extraction