Angel Alon Alon

Allysa Faye Bayona

Chrizza Erica Fajardo
Jherome Garcia
John Aaron Esguerra
• Changes in the shape and/or volume substances
• Changes in the shape and volume occur when stress
and strain causes rock to buckle
• A fold can be defined as a bend in rock that is the
response to compressional forces

• The rock material must have the ability to deform

under pressure and heat
• Pressure must not exceed the internal strength of the
rock. If it does, fracturing occurs.
• Deformation must be applied slowly.
• A monocline (or, rarely, a monoform) is a
step-like fold in rock strata consisting of a
zone of steeper dip within an otherwise
horizontal or gently-dipping sequence.
• By differential compaction over an underlying
structure, particularly a large fault at the edge of a
basin due to the greater compactibility of the basin
fill, the amplitude of the fold will die out gradually
upwards.

• By mild reactivation of an earlier extensional

faultduring a phase of inversion causing folding in the
overlying sequence.

• As a form of fault propagation fold during upward

propagation of an extensional fault in basement into
an overlying cover sequence.

• As a form of fault propagation fold during upward

propagation of a reverse fault in basement into an
overlying cover sequence.
• In structural geology, an anticline is a type of fold that is an arch-like
shape and has its oldest beds at its core.

• A typical anticline is convex up in which the hinge or crest is the location

where the curvature is greatest, and the limbs are the sides of the fold
that dipaway from the hinge.

• Anticlines can be recognized and differentiated from antiformsby a

sequence of rock layers that become progressively older toward the
center of the fold.
• The progressing age of the rock strata towards
the core and uplifted center, are the trademark
indications for evidence of anticlines on a
geologic map
• A syncline is a fold in which the youngest rocks occur
in the core of a fold whereas the oldest rocks occur in
the core of an anticline.

• Where the relative ages of rocks are not known the

term synform and not syncline should be used to
describe folds where layers are bent downwards so
that they dip towards the fold axis, and antiform and not
anticline .
• One of the types of fold
• A recumbent fold is one in which the axial plane is essentially
horizontal, with the limit of variation of axial-planar dip, and the
resulting limit of plunge being 10°
• It is a sideways-closing neutral structure that is neither a synformal
nor an antiformal fold.
• A fold which is folded over on itself.
• Commonly found in the core of mountain ranges •we
call the combination of a fault and a fold in a rock an
over thrust fault.
• Faults forn in a rocks when the stresses overcome the
internal strength of the rock resulting in a fracture.