CHAPTER V

Techniques For Repair

And Repair Of Structures
This section includes:
 Introduction
 Guniting
 Shortcreting
 Repair for cracks
 Shoring and underpinning
 Repairs to overcome low member
strength
 Introduction:
The success of repair activity depends on the
identification of the root cause of the deterioration of
the concrete structures.

If this cause is properly identified, satisfactory

repairs can be done for the improvement of strength
and durability, thus extending the life of the structure,
is not difficult to achieve.
General procedure in the repair of distressed
concrete structure:
Support the structural members properly as required.

Remove all cracked, spalled and loose concrete.

Clean the exposed concrete surfaces and steel reinforcement.

Provide additional reinforcing bars, if the loss in reinforcement

is more than 10%

Apply shortcreting/polymer concrete for patch repair work and

grouting for porous/honeycombed concrete.

Apply protective coatings over the exposed/repaired surface.

Gunite &
Shortcrete
 Guniting
Guniting is mechanically applied material consisting of
cement, aggregates and water.

The cement and sand are batched and mixed in the usual way
and conveyed through a hose pipe with the help of compressed air.

A separate pipe line brings water under pressure and the water
and cement aggregate mix are passed through and intimately
mixed in a special manifold and then projected at high velocity to
the surface being repaired.
 In good quality work, a density around 2100kg/m3

is achieved. For effective guniting, the nozzle should

be kept at 60cm to 150cm from the work normal to the
surface.

Before guniting is applied, the old concrete surface is

prepared properly, all the cracks treated and the new
reinforcement fixed in position.

Cracks wider than about 0.5 mm should be cut out

and filled with hand-applied mortar or with gunite.
 Shortcreting
Shortcrete is defined as “ mortar or concrete pneumatically projected at high speed
onto a surface”.

Types of shorcrete:

i) Dry mix

ii) Wet mix

Dry mix:

Dry cement, sand and coarse aggregate are premixed with only sufficient water to
reduce dusting.

ii) Wet mix:

The cement, sand and coarse aggregate are mixed with water and the resulting
concrete is then pumped to the nozzle where compressed air propels the wet mixture
Applications :

Shortcrete has been used to repair :

canal and spillway linings and walls

the faces of dams, tunnel linings

highway bridges and tunnels

deteriorating natural rock walls and

earthen slopes
to thicken and strengthen existing concrete surfaces
REPAIR FOR CRACKS
 Repair for cracks:
i) Stitching
ii) Routing and sealing
iii) Resin injection
iv) Dry packing
v) Polymer impregnation
vi) Vacuum impregnation
vii) Autogenous healing
viii) Flexible sealing
ix) Drilling and plugging
x) Bandaging
STITCHING
 In this technique, the crack is bridged with U-shaped metal units
called stitching dogs before being repaired with a rigid resin
material.
 A non- shrink grout or an epoxy resin based adhesive should be
used to anchor the legs of the dogs.
 Stitching is suitable when tensile strength must be

re established across major cracks.

 Stitching dogs should be of variable length and orientation.
BENEFITS OF CRACKED STITCHING
Quick, simple, effective and permanent.

The grout combination provides an excellent bond within the

substrate.
Masonry remains flexible enough to accommodate natural

building movement.
Non-disruptive structural stabilization with no additional

stress
ROUTING AND SEALING
 This is the simplest and most common method of crack
repair.
 It can be executed with relatively unskilled labor and can be
used to seal both fine pattern cracks and larger isolated cracks.
 This involves enlarging the crack along its exposed face and
sealing it with crack fillers.
 Care should be taken to ensure that the entire crack is routed
and sealed.
RESIN INJECTION
 Epoxy resins are usually selected for crack injection
because of their high mechanical strength and resistance
to most chemical environments encountered by concrete.
 Epoxies are rigid and not suitable for active cracks.
 This method is used to restore structural soundness of
members where cracks are dormant or can be prevented
from further movements.
SHORING
INTRODUCTION

Definition
It is the method of providing temporary support (shores) to an

unsafe structure.

Types of Shoring
Horizontal shoring or flying shoring

Vertical shoring or dead shoring

Inclined Shoring or flying shoring

Horizontal shoring
It consists of
Horizontal beam or strut

Wall plates

Cleats

Straining beams

Used to support two adjacent buildings.

Horizontal shoring
Single Flying Shoring
Double Flying Shoring
Vertical shoring
It consists of
Dead shores
Sole plates
Needles
Props
Used for rebuilding of walls.
Vertical shoring
Dead or Vertical Shoring
Inclined Shoring
It consists of
Rackers
Needles
Cleats
Braces
Sole plate
Used to strengthen a wall.
Inclined or Raking Shoring (unsymmetrical)
UNDERPINNING
DEFINITION
• Underpinning is the process of strengthening and
stabilizing the foundation of an existing building or
other structure

• Foundation underpinning is a means of transferring

loads to deeper soils or bedrock.
PURPOSE OF UNDERPINNING

• To obtain additional foundation capacity

• To modify the existing foundation system

• To create new foundations through which the existing load may

be wholly or partially transferred into deeper soil

• To arrest the excessive settlement

• To improve the future performance of the existing foundations

WHEN UNDERPINING IS REQUIRED?

Underpinning is required when:

• Construction of a new project with deeper foundation adjacent to an existing

building.

• Change in the use of structure

• The properties of the soil supporting the foundation may have changed or was
mischaracterized during planning.

• To support a structure which is sinking or tilting due to ground subsidence or

instability of the super structure
METHODS USED FOR UNDERPINNING

• Pit Underpinning
 Push Piers System
• Helical Pier System
• Pile Underpinning
• Other Methods
• Chemical Grouting
• Microfine Grouting
 Micropiles
PIT UNDERPINNING
 HELICAL PIER SYSTEM

Damaged Foundation Repaired Foundation

42
DEFLECTION
 DEFLECTION
Equations for calculating Dinst for common cases
DAMAGE DUE TO FIRE
Fire Damage Repairs
Timber structures may be repaired with new timbers or

composites of steel and timber members

 Steel structures are normally repaired with steel.

Both concrete and masonry structural elements are

frequently repaired with fiber reinforced polymers (FRP).

Concrete structures are occasionally repaired with

shortcrete.
Repair of leakage structure
CASE STUDIES
1. Case study of using complex reinforced structure to
repair mountain road landslide in Taiwan

Steep collapsed interface like planar sliding

damage
After construction
THANK YOU