Professional Documents
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COPD
COPD
Cigarette smoking
Primary cause of COPD***
Infection
Major contributing factor to the aggravation
and progression of COPD
Heredity
-Antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency (produced by
liver and found in lungs); accounts for < 1% of
COPD cases
Emphysema results from lysis of lung tissues by proteolytic
enzymes from neutrophils and macrophages
Pathophysiology of Chronic Bronchitis
and Emphysema
Fig. 28-7
Emphysema
Pathophysiology
Hyperinflation of alveoli
Destruction of alveolar walls
Narrowed airways
Most common
Dyspnea
Progresses in severity
Patient will first complain of dyspnea
position
Emphysema
Clinical Manifestations
Disappearance of cilia
or asthma
Chronic Bronchitis
Clinical Manifestations
Earliestsymptoms:
Frequent, productive cough during
winter
Frequent respiratory infections
Chronic Bronchitis
Clinical Manifestations
Dyspnea on exertion
History of smoking
Treats hypoxemia
Decreased hematocrit
Breathing retraining
Pursed-lip breathing
Prolongs exhalation and prevents bronchiolar
collapse and air trapping
Diaphragmatic breathing
Focuses on using diaphragm instead of accessory
muscles to achieve maximum inhalation and
slow respiratory rate
See text re how to teach
COPD
Collaborative Care: Respiratory
Therapy
Huff coughing (Table 28-21)
Chest physiotherapy – to bring secretions
into larger, more central airways
Postural drainage
Percussion
Vibration
Positions
Positions for Postural
for Postural Drainage
Drainage
Fig. 28-16
COPD
Collaborative Care
Surgical Therapy
Lung volume reduction surgery
Lung transplant
COPD
Collaborative Care
Nutritional therapy
Full stomachs press on diaphragm causing
dyspnea and discomfort
Difficulty eating and breathing at the same time
leads to inadequate amounts being eaten
COPD
Collaborative Care
Nutritional therapy
To decrease dyspnea and conserve energy
Rest at least 30 minutes prior to eating
Use bronchodilator before meals
Select foods that can be prepared in advance
5-6 small meals to avoid bloating
Avoid foods that require a great deal of chewing
Avoid exercises and treatments 1 hour before and
after eating
COPD
Collaborative Care
Nutritional therapy
Avoid gas-forming foods
High-calorie, high-protein diet is
recommended
Supplements
Health Promotion
STOP SMOKING!!!
Avoid or control exposure to occupational
and environmental pollutants and irritants
Early detection of small-airway disease
Early diagnosis of respiratory tract
infections
Nursing Management
Nursing Implementation
Acute Intervention
Required for complications like pneumonia,
cor pulmonale, and acute respiratory failure
Nursing Management
Nursing Implementation
Long-acting theophylline
Decreases bronchospasm and airway obstruction
Nursing Management
Nursing Implementation
Ambulatory and Home Care
Psychosocial considerations
Guilt
Depression
Anxiety
Social isolation
Denial
Dependence
Use relaxation techniques and support groups
Nursing Management
Nursing Implementation