The norm-referenced or relative

(have marked the students) distribution is

a big issue because of the ff.
considerations:

a. Normal curve is defensible only when

we have large, unselected group
b. When “grading on the curve,” school
staff should set fair ranges of grades
for different groups and courses.
c. When “grading on the curve,” any pass-fail
decisions should be based on an absolute
standard.
d. Standards and ranges should be understood
and followed by all teachers.

On the other hand, the criterion-referenced

or absolute grading system is not an issue
because:
a. It seldom uses letter grades alone
b. It often includes checklist of what has been
mastered
c. The distribution of grades is not predetermined
Guidelines For Effective Grading:
1. Describe grading procedures to students at
beginning of instruction.
2. Clarify that course grade will be based on
achievement only.
3. Explain how other factors( effort, work habits,
etc.) will be reported.
4. Relate grading procedures to intended
learning outcomes.
5. Obtain valid evidence(tests, etc.) for
assigning grades.
6. Try to prevent cheating.
7. Return and review all test results as
soon as possible.
8. Properly weight the various types of
achievements included in the grade.
9. Do not lower an achievement grade for
tardiness, weak effort, or misbehavior.
10. Be fair. Avoid bias. When in doubt,
review the evidence. If still in doubt,
give the higher grade.
Guidelines For A Good Conference:

1. Make plans
Review your goals
Organize the information to present
Make list of points to cover and
questions to ask
If bring portfolios, select and review
carefully.
2. Start positive - and maintain a
positive focus.
Present student’s strong points first.
Be helpful to have example of
work to show strengths and needs
Compare early vs. later work to
show improvement.
3. Encourage parents to participate and share
information
 Be willing to listen
 Be willing to answer questions

4. Plan actions cooperatively.

 What steps you can each take?
 Summarize at the end

5. End with positive comment.

 Should not be a vague generality
 Should be true

6. Use good human relations skills.