Protection and relaying Examples

Dharshana Muthumuni
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
 CT Saturation
Apply faults at different inception angles and observe the initial DC exponential
In the fault current.

200 km long 230 kV transmission line simulated in two

segments to facilitate application of faults at different
point on the line.

P+jQ
T T
Iabc
RRL TLine1 TLine2
Vabc
75 km long second 230 kV
transmission line
T
TLine3 RRL
Timed
Fault
A->G Logic

Fault at 0.4876s
and 0.49167s
 CT Saturation
Discuss the CT model.
• The dc exponential in the fault current will force the CT core flux to
‘move’ in one direction.
• This can lead to saturation and a resultant ‘loss’ of secondary current
to the relay.
• CT secondary ‘burden’ influences the saturation of the CT core.
 CT Saturation
Loss (reduction) of secondary current Main : Graphs

due to CT core saturation. 200

Vabc

Saturation is a result of the dc

V
component in the fault current. -200
Ia_sec
15.0

I sec
-30.0
Iabc
3.0

I pri
-5.0
B
0.25
Flux den

-2.00

0.400 0.450 0.500 0.550 0.600 0.650 0.700 ...

...
...
 CT Saturation
Distance relay operation can be affected by CT saturation.
.
0.02649 [MW]
-0.001815 [MVAR]

P+jQ
T T
Iabc
RRL TLine1 TLine2
BRK1 Vabc
75 km long second 230 kV
transmission line
P1 P T
TLine3 RRL
Timed
Fault
Q1 Q AB Logic

Fault at 0.4876s
Main : Breaker Control and 0.49167s Timed
Fault
Ctrl Mode Manual On/Off AB Logic
Manual Auto Close Open

Block breaker
1 0 operaton
during intial .05s

Sabc
BrkStat TIME
1
2
3

Sa1 Vr(abc)
Trip
Distance
Vsabc Trip A
Ir(abc) Relay Ctrl = 1
Sb1
Isabc B BRK1
Sc1
Ctrl
Manual On/Off

Ctrl Mode
 CT Saturation
Distance relay operation can be affected by CT saturation.
• Delayed tripping
• Over-reach/ under- reach
 CT Saturation
Mal-operation of an earth fault relay during
transformer energising.

Inrush current caused unequal saturation of the

3 CTs, resulting in a ‘burden’ current.

PSCAD case:
Earth_fault_relay.psc
(required ThreCt.psl and a custom Fortran file)
 CT Saturation
CT of phase A saturated during energising of a
single phase transformer in a distribution feeder.

Main,CT1 : Graphs
Ib
12.0
Ib (A)

-2.0
B1
2.00
B (T)

-0.25
Ia
120
Ia (Amps)

-20

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 ...

...
...
 Series compensated line
• Discuss the modeling of the high voltage network for a fault
study.
– Network equivalent sources based on positive and zero sequence
impedances.
– Voltage magnitude and phase determine the power flow in lines.
• Validate model with power flow and short circuit current
comparison with expected steady state results.
• Studies must be done under different power flow conditions.
 Series compensated line
• Discuss different elements in the model.
– Lines , Line arrester, Series capacitors etc.
– One series capacitor is modeled in detail.
• Bypass breakers
• Arresters
• Bypass breaker logic based on fault current level and arrester
(parallel with capacitor) energy
 Series compensated line
System model

freq
RL
60.0
V
freq
RRL

F
Ph

Vcua
P = 269.7
Q = 323 freq
P = -103.6
Q = 541.8

P_CUA Ph F V
V
A

A RRL RL
Station A Q_CUA
V

Vcua
Station E

L1C L2C

ITYL1

L1T L2T

T T
T PAL2 PAL3
PAL1
ITYL1 T T
TYL1_a TYL1_b
T
YP

T T
P = -394.2 TYL2_a TYL2_b
Q = 576.7
T
YA
T T
A TYL3_a TYL3_b
Ph

V BT3 BY3

P = -63.92
RRL

Station B
Q = 297
F
freq

E1 E2
V
A

Timed
V

Breaker Timed Station C

BT3 Logic
Breaker
RL

Closed@t0 Logic
Ph

BY3
Closed@t0
RRL

Station D
F

freq

Q = 153.6
P = 503.9
V

V
A
RL

Timed
Fault
Logic A->G

Ph
RRL

F
freq
V
RL
 Series compensated line
Series capacitor details

L1 - Segment 1

Xc= 30 Ohm

C= 1/(377.30) = 88.41
uF
0.0402 [ohm] 820.5e-6 [H]

88.417 [uF]

BRKN31
 Series compensated line
• Discuss protection complexities.
E1
300
E1

-300
E2
400
E2

-300
ITYL1
25.0
ITYL1

-20.0
Ba1
1.00
Ba1 signal

0.0

1.150 1.200 1.250 1.300 1.350 1.400 1.450 ...

...
...

Complex voltage and current waveforms the relays must deal

with during a faults close to the capacitors
 Power swing and out of step relay
• This example is to illustrate the basic models required to
investigate a power swing.
– Generator model
• Controls omitted for simplicity.
– Note the ‘slow’ movement of the impedance trajectory into and out of
the Mho circle.
• Used to identify a power swing and block relay operation.
Power swing and out of step relay

1. Apply a step change of input torque (0.9 to 1.06 pu)

• Note: a smaller step may not push the impedance into the ‘trip zone’

2. Apply a fault and observe the impedance trajectory.

Auto-Synchronizer Relay testing
This model was used to test a synchronizing relay:
P = 550.2
Q = 115.5
V = 3.054
T
TLine_01 A RRL RL
P = -14.38 P = 568.7 V
Q = -5.498 Q = 160.3
V = 3.151 V = 3.151
A A
V V

#1

#1
Z= 0.793 Ohms

#2

#2
15.26s - Out of synch
16.42s - In synch

Timed
Breaker
Vs1 B1 Logic
Open@t0

-3.343 [MVAR]
14.38 [MW]
B1

S/H
in out S/H
hold
in out
Vs2

hold
S2M
S2M

Vref0 Vref
P = -14.35
Q = 3.343
V = 1.048

Vref0 Vref

Q = 188.3
P = 568.7
Exciter_(AC1A)
V
A

V = 1.06
VT Exciter_(AC1A)

V
A
Ef0 IT 3 VT
Ef If
Ef0 IT 3
EFEf If

IF

3
Ef0 Ef If A 3
Te Wrad

w V Ef0 A
Ef If
V
( SyncM/c)
Multimass

S
Te
S
Te
Tm
Tm

w Tm Tm
Tm0 w Tm
Tm0

Tmstdy1
Tmstdy
F
+
+
D

D + + W
w w Tm1 F w w Tm1
Cv Cv Cv Cv
Steam Gov 1 Steam_Tur_1 Steam Gov 1 Steam_Tur_1

Wref Wref Tm2 Wref Wref Tm2

1.0
1.0
Auto-Synchronizer Relay testing
o The system model was simulated in PSCAD and the necessary
waveforms were recorded in COMTRADE format.

o The signals were played back in real time using test sets and
amplifiers.

o The playback signals were used as inputs to the relay under test.
• verify settings and correct operation.
Fault current contribution of machines
Detailed emt type simulation is the only way to accurately models the
nature of fault current waveforms of different machines.

With the increased popularity of Induction generator based wind farms,

the accurate estimate of fault contribution of complex induction
machine generation concepts has become very important.
e.g. Fault contribution of a DFIG is complex to analyse on simple
fault analysis programs.
Fault current contribution of machines
Induction Machine
I1
80

60

40 Induction Machine
Fault current

20
- Current decays to zero as the
0
stored energy in windings is
-20

-40
dissipated.
-60

2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 ...
...
...

Main : Graphs
Isc
50

40

30
Synchronous Machine
20
-Sustained fault current
y

10

0
- Affect of dampers and the
-10 field winding transients.
-20

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 ...
...
...
Realistic waveforms for Relay testing
200 km long 230 kV transmission line simulated in two
segments to facilitate application of faults at different
point on the line.

P+jQ
T T
I1
RRL TLine1 TLine2
V1 75 km long second 230 kV
transmission line

T
TLine3 RRL

Type1 Type2

Timed Timed Type3

Fault Fault
Logic Logic
Timed
Fault
Logic

Generate and record waveforms under different conditions

• batch mode simulation
• Different load conditions (not included in the example case relay_test.psc)
• Point on wave
• Location
• Fault type
Realistic waveforms for Relay testing
I1 I1 I1
1 2 3
A1 A2 A3
Analog Inputs
v2.0 RTP Recorder No. 1
Start File: playback
0.01 Format: RTP
Comtrade 91
End Comtrade 99
0.5 Digital Inputs

1 Meas-Enab Loc * Type1

.
I1 1 Ch. 1 . V1
Tf Typ
. V2
Rf Loc * Type2
Multiple V3
Run Typ Typ
V4
Loc Loc * Type3

Typ

Generate and record waveforms under different conditions

• batch mode simulation – Multiple run component and other ‘logic’ to control
the simulations.
• Waveforms recorded in COMTRADE format (or other)
 Other examples
• ccvt_resonance.psc
• DiffRelay.psc (differential relay example)
 Some other instances where EMT type
simulations maybe necessary in relay studies

• Unbalanced operation of the system and the effect on relay

settings (e.g. Unequal units in a three phase transformer
bank, open conductor)
– Typical fault analysis programs are not able to handle such events.
• Harmonics due to non linear loads and the effect on relays.
• Integration of new technology
– Distributed generation
– Islanding protection
– Complex wind farm protection requirements
 Some other instances where EMT type
simulations maybe necessary in relay studies

• Investigate new relay concepts

– E.g. Travelling wave relay

• Complexity due to parallel transmission lines on the same

right-of-way(mutual coupling)
• Mechanical resonance issues (SSR)