chicago in 1944. - Organization established in 1947 with head- quaters in Montreal (Canada) - Serves all the nations as an agency to promote international aviation. - Specialized agency of U.N.O & deals with the development of international air activity. - Primary object is to promote safety of flight in International Air Navigation. To achieve this objective the organization develops principles & techniques of International air navigation by: - Ensuring safe & orderly growth of international Civil Aviation all over the world. - Encouraging development of International Civil Aviation - Preventing economic waste caused by unreasonable competition. - Ensuring that the right of contracting states are fully respected & that every contracting state has fair opportunity to operate international airlines. - Promotng development of all aspects of international Civil aeronautics. - Meeting the air Transport requirements of the world which would be safe, Regular and efficient. Air-Craft Characteristics Size of Aircraft Involves: • Wing Span • Fuselage Length • Height • Gear Tread • Wheel Base • Tail Width • Wing Span- decides width of taxi way, size of aprons & Hangers • Fuselage Length- decides widening of taxiway on curves, size of aprons & hangers • Height – decides height of hanger gate & miscellaneous installation inside the hanger • Gear Tread- governs minimum turning radius of aircraft • Wheel Base – decides minimum taxiway radius • Tail Width – required for size of parking & apron. • Minimum Turning Radius : In order to decide the radius of taxiways, the position of aircrafts in loading aprons and hangers & to establish the path of the movement of aircraft, it is very essential to study the geometry of the turning movement of aircrafts. It is determined as: (i) Draw a line through the axis of the nose gear when it is at its maximum angle of rotation. The angle of rotation is fixed by the manufacturers (ii) Draw another line through the axis of the two main gears. (iii) The intersection of these two lines forms the centre of rotation.
The distance of the farther wing tip
from the centre of rotation represents the minimum turning radius. Minimum Circling Radius - There is a certain minimum radius with which the aircraft can take turn in space. This radius depends upon the • type of aircraft, • air craft volume & • weather conditions. The two nearby airports should be separated from each other by an adequate distance so that the aircrafts simultaneously landing on them do not interfere with each other. Speed of Air Craft: • Cruising Speed or Ground Speed - is the speed of aircrafts w.r.t ground when the aircraft is flying in air at its maximum speed. • Air Speed- is the speed of aircraft relative to the wind. Capacity of Air Craft: • Determines the baggage, cargo , passengers & fuel that can be accommodated in the air craft. • The terminal facilities have to be planned for the highest capacity aircraft expected to land. Aircraft Weight and wheel Configuration: The length of a runway depends upon the weight of air craft during landing and take off. The runway & taxiway pavement thickness also depends upon the gross weight of aircraft & wheel configuration. The terms related to this are (i) Empty operating Weight : is a constant weight for a type except pay- load & fuel. (ii) Zero Fuel Weight : is the sum of empty operating weight and the maximum payload. (iii) Maximum Take off Weight: is determined by structural limits and performance requirements and is made up of the empty operating weight and a flexible combination of payload and fuel. (iv) Max. Ramp weight : is slightly higher than the max. take off weight so that the fuel required for queuing and taxing does not prejudice the load that can be lifted for the flight. (V) Maximum Landing Weight : is less than the maximum take off weight by an amount dependent on a reasonable mean expectancy of the weight of fuel burned during a flight. Thus the landing gear can be designed for lower landing loads without prejudice to the aircraft’s lifting ability. AIRPORT PLANNING - Requires more intensive study & foresight as compared to planning of other modes of Transport - Aviation is the most dynamic industry & its forecast is quite complex. REGIONAL PLANNING - Air traffic needs of the nation as a whole rather than an individual locality. - Airport planning including the airport administration, if not done on a regional basis, would seriously impair the effective air traffic services of the country. - May further result in surplus or shortage of airport facilities on a regional basis. REGIONAL PLAN- usually provides the following information: - Approx. locations of the airports in national map. - Classification of airports - Location of air strips - Routes of air travel Data collection for a scientific & Sound Planning on Regional Basis: - Population - Topographical & geographical features - Existing airports in the vicinity - Air Traffic Characteristics AIRPORT SITE SELECTION – depends upon the class of airport under consideration. factors for site selection: - Regional Plan - Airport use - Proximity to other airports - Ground accessibility - Topography - Obstructions - Visibility - Wind - Noise Nuisance - Grading, Drainage & soil characteristics - Future Development - Availability of utilities from town - Economic considerations Regional Plan: Site selected should fit well into the regional plan Airport Use: Whether military or civilian use. Proximity to other Airports: - Site selected should be at a considerable distance from the existing airports so that the aircraft landing in one airport does not interfere with the movement of aircraft at other airport. The reqd. separation between the airports mainly depends upon the volume of air traffic, the type of aircraft and the air traffic control i.e whether the airports are equipped with instrument landing facilities or not. Minimum spacing suggested as a guide for planning (i) Airports serving small general aviation aircrafts under VFR (Visual flight rules) conditions - 3.2 Km (ii) airports serving bigger aircrafts, say two piston engine under VFR conditions - 6.4 Km (iii) Airports operting piston engine aircrafts under IFR (Instrument flight rules) conditions – 25.6 Km (iv) Airports opertingJet engines aircrafts under IFR conditions - 160 Kms Ground accessibility: Readily accessible to users Topography: Raised ground e.g a hill top is usually an ideal site for airport. Reasons: - Less obstructions in approach & turning zones - Natural drainage, low land area may result in flooding - More uniform wind - Better visibility due to less fog Obstructions: - While landing or take-off, aircraft loses or gains height very slowly as compared to forward speed. - Therefore, long clearance areas are provided on either side of runway known as approach areas over which the aircraft can safely run or loose altitude - These areas are kept free of obstructions. Visibility: Site selected should be free visibility reducing conditions such as fog, smoke and haze Wind : so oriented that landing & take- off is done by heading into the wind. Noise Nuisance: Extent of noise nuisance depends upon the - climb-out path of aircraft - type of engine propulsion & - gross weight of aircraft. - Site should be so selected that the landing or take-off paths of the aircrafts pass over the land which is free from residential or industrial development. - Sometimes buffer zone may have to be provided between the take-off end of a runway and a nearby residential area. - If buffer zone can not be provided, some acoustical barrier may have to be provided. Grading, Drainage & Soil Characteristics - Sites with high water tables, which may require costly sub-soil drainage should be avoided. - Should have Favourable soil characteristics Surveys for Site Selection: (i) Traffic survey (ii) Meteorological Survey (iii) Topographical Survey (iv) Soil Survey (v) Drainage Survey (vi) Material Survey Drawings to be prepared: (i) Topographical Plan (ii) Obstruction Map (iii) Drainage Plan (iv) Airport Master Plan AIRPORT OBSTRUCTIONS Zoning Laws: - Zoning ordinances regarding the permissible height of structures and the land use within the airport boundary need implementation as soon as the site is selected for airport development. - Use of land for manufacture of certain items which may result in smoke nuisance, foul odour etc. is also controlled by zoning laws Classification of Obstructions: - Objects protruding above certain imaginary surfaces - Objects exceeding their limiting heights above the ground surface in approach zones and turning zones. Imaginary surfaces: - Take-off climb surface - Approach Surface - Inner Horizontal Surface - Conical Surface - Transitional Surface - Outer Horizontal surface Take-off climb surface: Comprises of the following (a) - An Inner edge, horizontal & perpendicular to the centre line of runway & located either at a specified distance beyond the end of the runway or at the end of the clearway when such is provided. - Its length equals the specified distance depending upon the type of aerodrome under consideration. - The elevation of the inner edge shall be that of the highest point on the extended runway centre line between the end of the runway and the inner edge except that when a clearway is provided, the elevation shall be equal to the highest point on the ground on the centre line of runway. (b) Two sides originating from the ends of the inner edge, diverging uniformly at a specified final width. It continues thereafter at that width for the remainder of the length of the take-off climb surface. The surface extends at a specified slope upwards and outwards which for straight take-off flight path shall be measured in vertical plane containing the centre line of runway. (c) An outer edge horizontal & perpendicular to the specified take-off track. (ii) Approach Surface: shall be established from the smaller end of runway strip for each runway direction intended to be used for the landing of aero planes. It comprises of (a) An inner edge of specified length, horizontal & perpendicular to the extended centre line of the runway and located at a specified distance before the threshold. An elevation of the inner edge shall be equal to that of the mid-point of the threshold. (b) Two sides originating at the ends of the inner edge & diverging uniformly at a specified rate from the extended centre line of the runway. The surface extends upwards and outwards at a specified slope which shall be measured in the vertical plane containing the centre line of the runway. (c) An outer edge which is parallel to the inner edge. (iii) Inner Horizontal surface (IHS): It is the surface located in a horizontal plane above an aerodrome and its surroundings. The shape of the IHS need not necessarily be circular. The radius or outer limits of IHS shall be measured from airport reference point (ARP) or points established for such purposes. Where the runway length is 600 m or more but less than 750 m, the IHS shall be a circular surface with radius of 4000m from ARP. - Where the runway length is less than 1500m, the IHS shall extend to a horizontal distance of 3900m from ARP. - Where the runway length is 1500m or more, the IHS shall be a composite pattern which consists of two circular arcs centered at the two runway ends with a radius of 4000m from ARP. - Where the runway length is 5000m or more, the IHS shall be a composite pattern which consists of two circular arcs centered at the two runway ends with a radius of 4000m from ARP. These arcs shall be joined tangentially to form an elliptical shape. (iv) Conical Surface: It extends upwards & outwards from the periphery of the HIS. The limits of Conical Surface shall comprise (a) A lower edge coincident with the periphery of the HIS (b) an upper edge located at a specified height above the HIS. The shape of the conical surface shall be measured in a vertical plane perpendicular to the periphery of the HIS. (iv) Transitional Surface: Complex surface along the side of the strip & part of the side of approach surface that slopes upwards & outwards of the HIS. This is intended to serve as the controlling obstacle limitation surface for bld.s etc. The limits shall comprise: (a) A lower edge beginning at the intersection of then side of approach surface with the HIS & extending down the side of approach surface to the inner edge of the approach surface & from there it extends along the length of the strio parallel to the runway centre line. (b) An upper edge located in the plane of the HIS. The slope of the transitional surface is measured in a vertical plane at right angles to the center line of the runway. The slope shall be 14.3% (1in 7) where length of runway is 900 m & above. For runways less than 900m, the slope shall be 20% (1:5) (V) OUTER HORIZONTAL SURFACE (OHS) - Circular in plan with center located at ARP (Airport Reference Point) - Not proposed for aerodromes with runways of length less than 900 m. - Longest Runway > 900m but < 1500 m, the OHS shall extend to 9900m from ARP. - For airports, where the length of longest runway is 1500m or more, the OHS shall extend to 15,000m from ARP. - Height of OHS is 150 m above the ARP elevation. Constructions protruding above this surface shall not be permitted. Highway & Railway Clearances Roads & Railways are not objectionable in clear zones provided they comply with the clearance standards. Objects exceeding their Limiting Heights above Ground : Approach areas of runways equipped with IL facilities (i) Within 4.5 Km distance from the runway end, any object shall be considered as an obstruction if its height is more than 30 m above the level approach end of runway whichever is higher. (ii) Any object which is located beyond a distance of 4.5 Km from the runway end, shall be considered as an obstruction if its height above 30 m increases by more than 7.5 m for each additional 1.5 Km distance from the runway or if it exceeds 75 m within 15 Km distance from the runway end. (iii) Any object which protrudes above the minimum approach flight altitude or whose height exceeds 150 m above the ground is also to be considered as an obstruction. Turning Zone: In turning zone, the aircraft operates at a considerably low height, it has to be ascertained that this area is also free from obstructions.
(i) Any object located within a distance of 4.5 Km
from the runway reference point shall be considered as an obstruction, if its height is more than 51 m above the established airport elevation or above the ground whichever is higher.
(ii) Any object which is located beyond a distance of
4.5 Km from the runway reference point shall be considered as obstruction if its height above 51 m increased by more than 30 m for each additional 1.5 Km distance from airport reference point or if it exceeds 150 m within a distance of 15 Km from the runway reference point. Thank You