Presentation

on
DWDM
Presented by:
Rajiv Saxena CM(DWDM)
J.S.Higgins AM(DWDM)
ITI LTD., NAINI, ALLAHABAD
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 Today’s Agenda
 History & Back ground of DWDM
 DWDM Theoretical Review
 Fibre Characteristics
 Equipment Hardware
 Typical Parameter of 2.5G & 10 G Equipment
 Power Budget for 2.5G & 10 G Equipment
 Typical OSCF & OW setting for 10G Equipment
 Feed back & Questions

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 History of Digital Transmission
 ’70s - introduction of PCM into Telecom networks
 32 PCM streams are Synchronously Multiplexed to
2.048 Mbit/s (E1)
 Multiplexing to higher rates via PDH
 1985 Bellcore proposes SONET
 1988 SDH standard introduced
 1990’s DWDM introduced

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 Different Transmission Media

Twisted pair
Coaxial cable
Wireless transmission.
Optical fiber

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 Position of Transmission Eqpt. in Telecom NW

Switching Equpt Transmission Eqpt. Switching Equpt

TELECOM NETWORK

Access NW Access NW

Subscribers Suscribers

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 Why optical fiber transmission ?

Large transmission capacity,

Good quality
Small attenuation.
Strict security.
Large trunk distance.

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 Multiplexing technology of optical transmission Eqpt.

 Space Division Multiplexing (SDM)

 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
 Sub carrier Multiplexing (SCM)
 Wavelength Division Multiplexing
(WDM).

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 Space Division Multiplexing (SDM),
 Number of fiber transmission cores required in accordance
with number of signal multiplexing channels.

 Disadvantage:
poor investment profit.
 Presently not used in our NW
Multiple core
fibre

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 Sub Carrier Multiplexing (SCM )

Modulate multiple base band

signal into MW carrier.
Resulting stream modulates
optical carrier into fibre.
Use in access NW of CATV multi-
band transmission system.

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 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

PDH
SDH
ATM
IP N/W etc.

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 Standard PDH Bit rate
(Pleciochronous Digital Heirarchy)

European Standard American Standard

Bit Rate No. subs. Bit Rate No. of subs.

channels channels

2.048Mbit/s (E1) 30 1.544Mbit/s 24

8.448Mbit/s (E2) 120 6.312Mbit/s 96

34.368Mbit/s (E3) 480 44.736Mbit/s 672

139.264Mbit/s(E4) 1920 274.176Mbit/s 4032

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 Disadvantage of PDH

 Non compatibility between different vendors.

 No worldwide standard optical interface
specification.
 Restricted to point-to-point transmission.
 No NM facility available
 Can’t sustain high bit rate multiplexing (Above
140Mb/s)
 Impossible to extract base-band signal in between
without complete Demultiplexing the aggregate.

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 SDH
(Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)

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 Advantages of SDH

 SDH standardizes the features of the digital

signals
 Supported globally,
 Flexible, reliable and convenient NM support.
 Inter working between the different vendors
possible
 Possible to extract base-band signal in
between without complete Demultiplexing the
aggregate.

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 SDH Bit Rates
SDH Level (ITU-T) OC Level (SONET) Line Rate (Mbit/s)

STM-1 OC-3 155.520

STM-4 OC-12 622.080

STM-16 OC-48 2488.320

STM-64 OC-192 9953.280

STM-256 OC-768 39813.120

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 Limitations of SDH NW

 Dispersion affects the transmission of SDH

signal at 10Gb/s i.e. STM-64 signal and higher
bit rate.
 At higher rate long distance coverage is not
possible without DCM.
 SDH eqpt. uses single wavelength. Full capacity
of the fibre(25THz) remains un-utilised.
 At higher rate beyond 10Gb/s it is difficult to
maintain the equipment synchronization
between different nodes.

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 Why DWDM ?

 High Capacity (Nx2.5 Gb/s, Nx10 Gb/s)

 Can transmit multiple wavelength
simultaneously.
 Can accomodate new services such as Broad band
IP , high-quality video and multimedia & high
speed SDH on single fibre.
 DWDM technology fully satisfies the development
requirement of high-bandwidth services.
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 Different Inputs of DWDM

IP

SDH ATM IP O/S

ATM

SDH Open Optical Interface

DWDM
Fiber physical

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Integrated DWDM Systems

n x 2.5/10 Gb/s WDM TM

WDM TM

... ...

WDM TM WDM TM

... ...

Mux/ Mux/
WDM TM Demux Demux WDM TM

... ...

WDM TM WDM TM

Mux/Demux

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 Open DWDM Systems using Transponders

TRP n x 2.5/10 TRP

SDH: Gb/s
STM-1, 4, 16 ... ...
SONET:
OC3, 12,48 TRP TRP

PDH 565Mb/s ... ...

PDH 140Mb/s Mux/
Mux/
TRP Demux Demux TRP
Gigabit
Ethernet
... ...
ATM

TRP TRP
IP

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 Combining Open and Integrated DWDM

16 x 2.5 Gb/s =40 Gb/s

WDM TM 32 x 2.5 Gb/s =80 Gb/s WDM TM

SDH:
STM-64 & 16 ... ...
SONET:
OC192 & 48 WDM TM WDM TM

... ...
Mux/ Mux/
Gigabit TRP Demux Demux TRP
Ethernet

ATM
... ...
TRP TRP
IP

w. or w/o
optical amplifiers

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 ITU-T Standards for
Optical interface

G.692
DWDM
G.957 G.691

SDH
155M 622M 2.5G 10G

PDH

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 WDM Technology

1-Overview of WDM System

2-System structure and hardware

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 WDM Principle

l1

l2

lN

OA ODU
OMU

Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is a fiber-optic

transmission technique that employs light of different
wavelengh to transmit data on single fiber.
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 DWDM and SDH-difference

TDM: electrical regenerator for

Transmission electrical Receiver
Single wavelength
regenerator
l1
T R

Electrical multiplex Electrical demultiplex

l1 l2 lN

l1 l1
l2 l2
DWDM:Muti-wavelength for
Single fiber, for optic Amplify lN lN
OA
optical multiplexer optical demultiplexer
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 Evolution of WDM

32 + channels
100 -50GHz Channel Spacing

Early
2000’s

16 + Channels 100 – 200 GHz spacing

1996 Dense WDM, Integrated systems with
Network Management, Add-drop function
Early 2-8 Channels narrow band
1990’s WDM 200-400 GHz
spacing
1980’s 2-Channels Wideband WDM
1310nm,1550nm

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 WDM - Transmission and Networking
 Flexible platform
 Point-to-point WDM transmission systems
 Ring networks and Mesh rings
 Coastal-hopping
 Optical Add Drop Multiplexing
 Optical protection
 Wide variety of optical interfaces
 Easy mux/demux capacity enhancement

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 WDM Classification

CWDM

DWDM

 CWDM : Coarse Wavelength Division

Multiplexing
 DWDM : Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing
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 CWDM : Coarse Wavelength Division
Multiplexing

Max no. of Channel :16 nos

 Uses Optical wavelength in 1200 nm – 1700 nm
windows
 Wave length interval >20nm
 Adopts non cooling Laser & Passive Amplifier
 Lower cost
Limitations:
 Small capacity
 Short transmission distance
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 DWDM :
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
 8-160 Channels on single fibre
 Signal input to DWDM is 2.5Gb/s & 10Gb/s
(32x2.5Gb/s & 40x10Gb/s)
 Long distance transmission system.
( 640Km for 2.5Gb/s without DCM & 800Km for 10Gb/s with
DCM)
 Open ended system
(Converts input wavelength to Standard wavelength compliant
to G.692)
 Integrated System
(Can directly accept customer signal compliant to G.692)

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Development in DWDM technology

40*10G

32*2.5G

16*2.5G

8*2.5G

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 Why DWDM ?

 Increase Network Capacity

 Makes full use of the huge bandwidth (about 25 THz) resource of fibers
 long-distance transmission
 Abundant service access types (such as SDH, GbE and ATM)
 Working on Existing Fibre Infrastructure resulting Saving fiber resource
 Fully utilizing well-developed TDM technology
 Quick Capacity Upgrade Later
 Forming full optical network

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 The Key technology of
DWDM

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 DWDM Wavelengths graph

power（dBm)
wavelength interval ：0.4～2nm

1530 - 1560nm wavelength λ

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 Common NE in DWDM System

Line Side
Client
side

Line Side
OTM

OADM
Line Side

Line Side Line Side

Client
side

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 Unidirectional DWDM System

OLA Optical receiver

Optical transmission

ch1 λ1 λ1 ch1
OTU1 OTU1
OMU

ODU
input ┇ ┇ output
BA LA PA
λ λ λ λ
ch n λn s λn ch n
OTUn s s s OTUn

OSC

OSC OSC

EMS

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 Unidirectional DWDM System

OSC

Optical receiver
Optical transmission

ch1 λ1 λ1 ch1
OTU1 OTU1
OMU

ODU
input ┇ OADM ┇ output
BA PA
λn λ λ λn
ch n ch n
OTUn s s OTUn

Add/
OSC OSC
Drop

EMS

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 Bidirectional DWDM System
OTM OTM
O OBA OLA/OADM OPA O
OTU
M D OTU
OTU
OTU
U U

O O O
S S S
C C C

O O
D M
U OPA OBA U

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 Optical Terminal Multiplexer (OTM)
OTM consists of:
 Optical Transponder unit (OTU)
 Optical Multiplexer unit (OMU)
 Optical Demultiplexing (ODU)
 Optical Amplifiers (OA,OBA,OPA)
 Common Control cards
(NCPF,OSCF,APSF,OHPF,LACG)

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 Optical transponder unit

Gray wavelength Coloured DWDM grid

wave length as per G.692

 Converts broadband optical signals to a specific wavelength via

optical to electrical to optical conversion (O-E-O)
 Performs 2R or 3R regeneration function
 Receive Transponders perform reverse function

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 2R/3R TX Transponders
2 modes: 2R/3R operation:

 2R (Re-amplification, Re-sampling)
• PDH 140 Mbit/s, 565 Mb/s
• SDH STM-16, STM-4, STM-1
• SONET,ATM,IP,Digital CATV)
• Output signal quality depends on input quality

 3R (Re-amplification, Re-sampling, Re-timing)

• SDH STM-16 onwards
• Eliminating timing jitter
(Output is a standard SDH signal)
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 2R / 3R Tx Transponder
2R Transponder
Input Power Output Power
1310 or 1550 nm
Re-Amp Re-Shaping Laser Driver

Threshold

Standard
Clock
3R Transponder Re-Timing
Clock recovery

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 FEC in DWDM Systems

9.58 G 10.66 G 10.66 G 9.58 G

IP FEC FEC IP

SDH FEC FEC SDH

. .
. .

ATM FEC FEC ATM

2.48 G 2.66 G 2.66 G 2.48 G

 FEC implemented on transponders (TX, RX, 3R)

 No change on the rest of the system
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 Characteristics of Laser Source in DWDM NW

 Laser should Provide standard and stable wavelength

(Wavelength drift will cause unstable and unreliable operation
of the system.)
The common wavelength stabilization measures
 Temperature feedback control method and

 Wavelength feedback control method.

 Providing rather large dispersion tolerance

 Dispersion deteriorate the DWDM signal resulting in the restriction
in the distance coverage.

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 Laser Modulation mode in DWDM Equipment
 What is Laser Modulation?
 Changing the transmitting Laser light according to the incoming
signal is Laser modulation

 Modulation technique
 Direct modulation

 Indirect modulation (external modulation)

• EA modulator
• Waveguide M-Z modulator

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 Direct Modulation

Laser O/P
Electrical signal

Laser Source

•Laser power controlled by input current

•Transmission rate <2.5Gb/s
•Transmission distance≤100Km
•Not used for DWDM system

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 Electrical-absorption (EA) Modulator
LD EA

 Support long haul transmission (2.5Gb/s >600km)

 Less chirp
 High dispersion tolerance(2.5Gb/s:7200-12800ps/nm)
 High reliability

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 Mach-Zehnder external modulator (M-Z)

 Long dispersion limited distance

 High cost
 Negligible chirp
 High dispersion tolerance.

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 Comparison of Modulation

Modulation Direct EA M-Z

Type Modulation Modulation modulation

Max. 1200-4000 7200-12800 >12800

Dispersion Tol.
(ps/nm)
Cost Moderate Expensive Very Expensive

Wavelength Good Better Best

Stability

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 Optical Multiplexer Unit (OMU) & Demultiplexer
Unit (ODU)

 Grating Type (OM/OD)

 Dielectric thin film type of (OM/OD)
 Array Waveguide (OM/OD)
 Coupling type of (OM)

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 Grating Type OMU/ODU

 Combines/Divide different wavelengths having different

refractive angles on the grating
 Can handle wavelength interval to about 0.5 nm.
 Requires precise manufacture requirements
 not suitable for large-batch manufacture. It is often used in
research in the laboratory.
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 Dielectric thin film type of OMU/ODU

λ2

 Dielectric films with different materials

 Different refractive indexes and different thickness values.
 Passband for certain wavelength range while a stopband for
other wavelength ranges
 featuring flat signal passband, low insertion loss and sound
channel interval

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 Array Waveguide (AWG) OMU/ODU

 Flat waveguide device based on optical integration

technology.
 Compact structure and low insertion loss,
 Best scheme for optical wave multiplexing/de-multiplexing
in the optical transport network.
 Material Used : BenzoCylobutene (BCB4024-40) polymer

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 Coupling type of (OM)
only

 Two or more fibers which are closed to each other and are
properly melted.
 Used for OM only
 Low cost but large insertion loss. (17dB for 32Ch)

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 Optical Amplifiers
 Directly amplifies the optical signals without OEO
conversion.

Types of Optical amplifiers

 EDFA Technology

 Raman Amplifying Technology

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 EDFA Amplifier

Isolator Coupler Coupler Isolator

Erbium-Doped
Fiber (10–50m)

Pump Pump
Laser Laser
“Simple” device consisting of four parts:
 Erbium-doped fiber
 An optical pump (to invert the population).
 A coupler
 An isolator to cut off backpropagating noise

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 EDFA Amplification

 In the fiber manufacture process, certain quantity of Er3+ ions

are doped to form Erbium Doped Fiber (EDF}
 When the pump light is shot in, the Er3+ ion absorbs energy of
the pump light and transits to the higher energy level

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 EDFA Classification

Optical Booster Amplifier (OBA)

Optical Pre Amplifier (OPA)
Optical Line Amplifier (OLA)

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 Laser pump source (980nm & 1480nm)

 980 nm & 1480 nm laser pump have high pump efficiency

 980 nm pump light source has lower NF
(most 8-channel WDM system uses the 980 nm pump source)

 Larger output power is obtainable with 1480nm pump source

(about 3 dB higher than that of the 980 nm)
 1480 nm laser pump source has higher NF
(Mostly above-16-channel WDM system uses the 1480 nm pump
source)

 The two-level pump is used for NF improvement and output

power increase.

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 Problem in EDFA

Non-linear effect
Bandwidth limitation
C band is 1530 nm ~ 1561nm
 L band is 1565 nm ~ 1625 nm.
Optical surge
Dispersion
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 Non-linear effect

When the optical power is

increased to certain degree, fiber
non-linear effect will occur

Solution:
Control the in-fiber optical power
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 Bandwidth limitation

 The working wavelength range of the EDFA in

C band is 1530 nm ~ 1561 nm, and the one of the
EDFA in
L band is 1565 nm ~ 1625 nm.

 Gain flatness filter is used inside the EDFA to

achieve same gain for each multiplexing optical
channel.
±1 dB is the gain variation limitation for the
bandwidth.

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 Optical surge
 When the optical line is normal, the erbium ions stimulated by
the pump light are carried off by the signal light, and thus
implementing amplifying of signal
 If the input light is interrupted, the metastable erbium ions still
converge continuously, so energy transient will occur, leading
to optical surge.

 Solution
 Automatic Power Reduction (APR) or

 Automatic Power Shut Down (APSD)

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 Dispersion (widening of pulse)
 dispersion increases with distance
 Total span in WDM system cannot be
prolonged limitlessly.

 Solution
 We can increase span distance
through dispersion compensation
measures.

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 Raman Amplifier
 The Raman fiber amplifier uses the gain mechanism generated
by non-linear SRS in the fiber to amplify the optical signals.

 The SRS converts the energy of short-wavelength pump light

into the energy of long-wavelength signal light, to amplify the
signal light.

SRS : Simulated RAMAN Scattering

RAMAN pump laser

wave length 1535 nm
λ1- λ4 λ1- λ4

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 RAMAN amplifier Features

 Requires kilometers of line fibers

 low NF and effectively improve system SNR.
 Serving as full-band amplifier (C & L band)
 It has flat gain.
 noise of Raman fiber amplifier reduces along with fiber distance.
 The fiber should be long enough. There is no requirement for specific
fiber type.
 The pump conversion efficiency is low, so the high-power pump laser
source is required.
 The amplifying gain is low, so it needs to work with the EDFA to form
combined amplifier

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 Application of Raman amplifier
 Combination of EDFA and SRA can form the important optical
amplifying technology for the transmission system above 40 G
or of super great distance.

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 Optical Add-Drop Multiplexure OADM

OADMs allow flexible add/drop of channels

Drop
Channel

Drop &
Insert

Add
Channel

Pass Through loss and Add/Drop loss

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 Optical Add-Drop Multiplexure OADM

Site B
OTU
OTU

OTU

OTU
OTU
OTU
Site Site
OTU A C
Mux/ OADM OTU
Mux/
Demux OLA OLA
Demux

OTU
OTU

OTU 8-16 channels OTU

add-dropped

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 Working Wavelength of DWDM System
8/16/32/40-wavelength system

 Working wavelength range: C band (1530 nm

~ 1565 nm)
 Frequency range: 192.1 THz ~ 196.0 THz
 Channel interval: 100 GHz
 Central frequency offset: ±20 GHz (approx +
0.16 nm) for 2.5 Gbit/s
 Central frequency offset: ±12.5 GHz (at rate
10 Gbit/s)
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 Working Wavelength of DWDM System
80-wavelength system

 Working wavelength range: C band (1530 nm ~

1565 nm)
 Frequency range: C band (192.1 THz ~ 196.0 THz)
 Channel interval: 50 GHz
 Central frequency offset: ±5 GHz

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 Working Wavelength of DWDM System
160-wavelength system

 Working wavelength range: C band (1530 nm ~

1565 nm) + L band (1565 nm ~1625 nm)
 Frequency range: C band (192.1 THz ~ 196.0
THz) + L band (190.90 THz ~186.95 THz)
 Channel interval: 50 GHz
 Central frequency offset: ±5 GHz

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 Trade-off D10-D2

For 2.5G only

System D10 Tx
cost . D10 (No DCM)
M OFA
.
U
. X
.
D10 Tx ‘long’

‘short’

D2 Tx
.
. M D OFA
U C
D2 + DCM . X M
.
D2 Tx

4 8 Number of
DWDM channels

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 OSC: Optical Supervisory Channel

2 x OSC 2 x OSC

OSC OSC

Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC):

• Equivalent ECC for Remote Management

• Terminated/regenerated at each station
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 Functions of Optical Supervisory Channel
 Transmit/Receive the NE management and supervision
information involving:
 Fault alarm, fault location,
 Quality parameter
 Supervision in the operation,
 Control over backup line upon line
 Interruption and EDFA supervision.
 Manage the DWDM system.

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 Transmission Characteristics
of
Optical Fiber

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 Commonly used Units
 Decibels (dB): unit of level (relative measure)
 X dB is 10-X/10 in linear dimension e.g. 3 dB Attenuation = 10-.3 =
0.501
 Standard logarithmic unit for the ratio of two quantities. In optical
fibers, the ratio is power and represents loss or gain.
 Decibels-milliwatt (dBm) : Decibel referenced to a milliwatt
 X mW is 10log10(X) in dBm, Y dBm is 10Y/10 in mW. 0dBm=1mW,
17dBm = 50mW

 Wavelength (l): length of a wave in a particular medium. Common

unit: nanometers, 10-9m (nm)
 00nm (blue) to 700nm (red) is visible. In fiber optics primarily use
850, 1310, & 1550nm
 Frequency (): the number of times that a wave is produced within
a particular time period. Common unit: TeraHertz, 1012 cycles per
second (Thz)
 Wavelength x frequency = Speed of light  l x  = C

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Some more terminology

 Attenuation = Loss of power in dB/km

The extent to which lighting intensity from the source is
diminished as it passes through a given length of fiber-optic (FO)
cable, tubing or light pipe. This specification determines how well a
product transmits light and how much cable can be properly
illuminated by a given light source.
 Chromatic Dispersion = Spread of light pulse in ps/nm-km
The separation of light into its different coloured rays.
 ITU Grid = Standard set of wavelengths to be used in Fibre Optic
communications. Unit Ghz, e.g. 400Ghz, 200Ghz, 100Ghz
 Optical Signal to Noise Ration (OSNR) = Ratio of optical signal
power to noise power for the receiver
 Lambda = Name of Greek Letter used as Wavelength symbol (l)
 Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC) = Management channel

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 dB versus dBm

 dBm used for output and receive power sensitivity (Absolute

Value)
 dB used for power gain or loss (Relative Value)

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 Optical Budget

Basic Optical Budget = Output Power – Input Sensitivity

Pout = +20 dBm R = -2 dBm

Budget = 22 dB

Optical Budget is affected by:

 Fiber attenuation
 Splices
 Patch Panels/Connectors
 Optical components (filters, amplifiers, etc)
 Bends in fiber
 Contamination (dirt/oil on connectors)

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 Fiber Fundamentals
Attenuation
Dispersion

Nonlinearity
Distortion

It May Be a Digital Signal, but It’s Analog Transmission

Transmitted Data Waveform Waveform After 1000 Km

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 Analog Transmission Effects
Attenuation:
Reduces power level with distance

Dispersion and Nonlinearities:

Erodes clarity with distance and speed

Signal detection and recovery is an analog problem

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 Fiber Geometry

Core Cladding
 An optical fiber is made of
three sections:
 The core carries the
light signals
 The cladding keeps the light
in the core
 The coating protects the glass

Coating

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 Propagation in Fiber

n2 Cladding

q0 q1
n1 Core

Intensity Profile

 Light propagates by total internal reflections

at the core-cladding interface
 Total internal reflections are lossless
 Each allowed ray is a mode

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 Different Types of Fiber

n2 Cladding
 Multimode fiber
Core diameter varies n1 Core
50 mm for step index
62.5 mm for graded index

Bit rate-distance product

>500 MHz-km
 Single-mode fiber n2 Cladding
Core diameter is about 9 mm
Bit rate-distance product
>100 THz-km n1 Core

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 Optical Spectrum

UV IR 125 GHz/nm
l
Visible
10-380nm

 Light 380-750nm 850 nm

980 nm
 Ultraviolet (UV) 1310 nm
 Visible 1480 nm
1550 nm
 Infrared (IR)
1625 nm
 Communication wavelengths

 850, 1310, 1550 nm C = x l

 Low-loss wavelengths Wavelength:l (nanometers)
 Specialty wavelengths Frequency:  (terahertz)

File Name  980, 1480, 1625 nm

 Optical Attenuation

 Specified in loss per kilometer

(dB/km)
0.40 dB/km at 1310 nm
0.25 dB/km at 1550 nm
 Loss due to absorption 1550
by impurities Window
1310
1400 nm peak due to OH ions Window
 EDFA optical amplifiers available
in 1550 window

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 Fiber Attenuation Characteristics

Attenuation vs. Wavelength S-Band:1460–1530nm

L-Band:1565–1625nm

2.0 dB/Km Fibre Attenuation Curve

0.5 dB/Km

0.2 dB/Km

800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600

Wavelength in Nanometers (nm) C-Band:1530–1565nm

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 Optical Attenuation

 Pulse amplitude reduction limits “how far”

 Attenuation in dB Examples
 Power is measured in dBm: 10dBm 10 mW
 Absorbency attenuation
 Scattering attenuation 0 dBM 1 mW
-3 dBm 500 uW
-10 dBm 100 uW
-30 dBm 1 uW

Pi
P0

T T

File Name
 Solution for Attenuation

Optical
Loss Amplification

OA

File Name
 Types of Dispersion

• Chromatic Dispersion
Different wavelengths travel at different speeds
Causes spreading of the light pulse

• Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)

Single-mode fiber supports two polarization states
Fast and slow axes have different group velocities
Causes spreading of the light pulse
File Name
 A Snapshot on Chromatic Dispersion

Interference

 Affects single channel and DWDM systems

 A pulse spreads as it travels down the fiber
 Inter-symbol Interference (ISI) leads to performance
impairments
 Degradation depends on:
 laser used (spectral width)
 bit-rate (temporal pulse separation)
 Different SM types

File Name
 Limitations From Chromatic Dispersion

• Dispersion causes pulse distortion,

pulse "smearing" effects
• Higher bit-rates and shorter pulses are less
robust to Chromatic Dispersion
• Limits "how fast“ and “how far”

10 Gbps
t
60 Km SMF-28

40 Gbps
4 Km SMF-28 t
File Name
 Combating Chromatic Dispersion

 Use DSF and NZDSF fibers

(G.653 & G.655)

 Dispersion Compensating Fiber

 Transmitters with narrow spectral width

DSF --- Dispersion Shifted Fiber

File Name
 Dispersion Compensating Fiber
 Dispersion
Compensating Fiber:
 By joining fibers with CD of opposite
signs (polarity) and suitable lengths
an average dispersion close to zero
can be obtained; the compensating
fiber can be several kilometers and
the reel can be inserted at any point
in the link, at the receiver or at the
transmitter

File Name
 Dispersion Compensation

Cumulative Dispersion (ps/nm) Total Dispersion Controlled

+100
0
-100
-200
-300
No Compensation
-400 With Compensation
-500
Distance from
Transmitter (km)
Dispersion Shifted Fiber Cable
Transmitter

Dispersion
Compensators
File Name
 How Far Can I Go Without Dispersion?

Specification of Transponder (ps/nm)

Distance (Km) =
Coefficient of Dispersion of Fiber (ps/nm*km)

A laser signal with dispersion tolerance of 3400 ps/nm

is sent across a standard SMF fiber which has a Coefficient of
Dispersion of 17 ps/nm*km.
It will reach 200 Km at maximum bandwidth.
Note that lower speeds will travel farther.

File Name
 Polarization Mode Dispersion

 Caused by ovality of core due to:

Manufacturing process
Internal stress (cabling)
External stress (trucks)

 Only discovered in
the 90s
 Most older fiber not
characterized for PMD

File Name
 Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)
Ey

nx

Ex ny
Pulse As It Enters the Fiber Spreaded Pulse As It Leaves the Fiber

 The optical pulse tends to broaden as it travels down the fiber;

this is a much weaker phenomenon than chromatic dispersion
and it is of little relevance at bit
rates of 10Gb/s or less

File Name
 Combating Polarization Mode Dispersion
 Factors contributing to PMD
 Bit Rate
 Fiber core symmetry
 Environmental factors
 Bends/stress in fiber
 Imperfections in fiber
 Solutions for PMD
 Improved fibers
 Regeneration
 Follow manufacturer’s recommended installation
techniques for the fiber cable

File Name
 Solution For Chromatic Dispersion

Saw Tooth
Dispersion
Compensation
Dispersion

DCU DCU
Fiber spool Fiber spool

Total dispersion averages to ~ zero

+D -D

Length
File Name
 Transmission character

The type of optic fibers

G.652：A single-mode optical fiber that has a

nominal zero-dispersion wavelength in the 1310 nm
transmission region. (Non dispersion-shifted fiber)
G.653：dispersion-shifted fiber, 0 dispersion at
1550 nm transmission region, easy to cause FWM.
G.655: Non-zero dispersion Shifted fiber;
used in 1550 nm transmission region. Less dispersion
coefficient, dispersion limited transmission distance
can be hundreds of km; prevent FWM
File Name
 Types of Single-Mode Fiber
 SMF-28(e) (standard, 1310 nm optimized, G.652)
Most widely deployed so far, introduced in 1986,
cheapest
 DSF (Dispersion Shifted, G.653)
Intended for single channel operation at 1550 nm
 NZDSF (Non-Zero Dispersion Shifted, G.655)
For WDM operation, optimized for 1550 nm region
 TrueWave, FreeLight, LEAF, TeraLight…
Latest generation fibers developed in mid 90’s
For better performance with high capacity DWDM
systems
 MetroCor, WideLight…
 Low PMD ULH fibers

File Name
 Different Solutions for
Different Fiber Types
SMF Good for TDM at 1310 nm
(G.652) OK for TDM at 1550
OK for DWDM (With Dispersion Mgmt)

DSF OK for TDM at 1310 nm

(G.653) Good for TDM at 1550 nm
Bad for DWDM (C-Band)

NZDSF OK for TDM at 1310 nm

(G.655) Good for TDM at 1550 nm
Good for DWDM (C + L Bands)

Extended Band Good for TDM at 1310 nm

(G.652.C) OK for TDM at 1550 nm
(suppressed attenuation in the OK for DWDM (With Dispersion Mgmt
traditional water peak region) Good for CWDM (>8 wavelengths)

The primary Difference is in the Chromatic Dispersion Characteristics

File Name
 Attenuation-Wavelength-Dispersion Graph

G.652 NDSF
SMF 20

Dispersion (ps/nm-km)
1.0 G.653
Attenuation (dB/km)

0.8 Atten. DSF

EDFA 10
Bandwidth

0.4 0
NZDF+
G.655+
0.2 -10
NZDF-
G.655-
0.1 -20
1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
Wavelength (mm)
File Name
 Dispersion in optical fibre
 Different ls travel at different velocities,
 Impacts
 Pulse broadening causing bit symbols to
interfere with neighbor pulses Transmit
 In optical fibre media (G.652) dispersion is
specified at 17 ps/nm/km
 A standard laser (D2) will allow 1700 ps/nm frequency
dispersion i.e. 100 km in a 2,5 Gbit/s system
 A D10 Laser will allow 12800 ps/nm Receive
dispersion i.e. 600 km in a 2,5 Gbit/s system
 In 10 Gbit/s systems only ~25% dispersion
tolerance compared to 2,5 Gbit/s
frequency

File Name
 DWDM SIM modules for integrated systems
 DWDM modules are L16.2 aggregate modules with
extended dispersion and wavelength capabilities
 Dispersion Characteristics of Colored Aggregate Modules:

 1700 ps/nm (100 km), D2 version

 12800 ps/nm (600 km), D10 version

File Name
 Calculation of Dispersion

• In G.652 optical fibres the dispersion is 17 ps/nm/km

• For a signal transmission distance = 100km

the total dispersion:
• 100km * 17 ps/nm/km = 1700 ps/nm

• For a signal transmission distance = 640km

the total dispersion:

• 640km * 17 ps/nm/km = 10880 ps/nm

File Name
 End of Fiber Characteristics

File Name
 ZXWM-M 900 DWDM

System structure and hardware

OF
ZMWM-M900 DWDM

File Name
 ZXWM-M 900 DWDM

Contents ：
•System structure
•Linking the fiber
•Board introduction

File Name
 ZXWM-M 900 DWDM

System structure

File Name
 ZXWM-M900 DWDM RACK

300mm（ D）x 600mm（W）x 2200mm（H）

File Name
 OTM
Power alarm sub-rack

OTU sub-rack

Fan plug-in box

OA sub-rack

File Name
 LAYOUT OF INTEGEARED EQUIPMENT
Power alarm sub-
rack
Public interface
area
Fan plug-in box Fan plug-in box Fan plug-in box

Dustproof net
OTU sub-rack 1
Board plug-in
area
? 纤
Fiber ? 线区
wiring
area
Public interface
area
Fan plug-in box Fan plug-in box Fan plug-in box

Dustproof net
风? 插
OTU sub-rack
Board? plug-in
尘网
area
ODF
? 纤wiring
Fiber ? 线区
area
Public interface
area
Fan plug-in box Fan plug-in box Fan plug-in box

Dustproof net

Board OA ? ? OTU sub-rack 2

? ? plug-in
补偿插
area
? 纤
Fiber ? 线区
wiring
area
ODF plug-in box
(or DCM plug-in box)
DCM plug-in box
DCM plug-in box

File Name
 STRUCTURE OF OA SUBRACK

File Name
 ARRANGEMENT OF BOARDS WITHIN OA SUBRACK

File Name
 Public interface area of OA sub-rack

-48V power Extension data interface

Eth Interface PBX
ow
RS232 Order wire
-48V

RS232

Alarm Ext CLK in

Local data interface
output
RS422 Sub-rack ID selection switch
File Name
 Fiber Coiling Box

File Name
 STRUCTURE OF OTU SUBRACK

File Name
 Public interface area of OTU sub-rack
-48V power Sub-rack ID selection switch
-48V power
Power alarm

RS232 Local data interface

File Name
 STRUCTURE OF TELEPHONE BRACKET

Telephone Set

File Name
SCHCMATIC DIAGRAM OF FAN PLUG IN BOX

File Name
 STRUCTURE OF STAND ALONE FAN UNIT

File Name
 PWSB for 40Ch/32Ch DWDM

-48V -48V

Alm Alm Warn Led S/R Alm 1-4 Bus

In Out

File Name
Schematic diagram of power supply alarm sub rack
interfaces V1.0

OUT1F OUT2F OUT3F OUT4F

OUT1 OUT2

OUT3 OUT4 Input interface (deatailed

in the following figure

STOP_RING ALM_OUT

WARN LAMP

Common interface area Board area External power supply

connection area

External -48V power supply is connecteded from here

Mind the polarity

Wiring trough on the rack top

-48V -48VGND PGND -48V

（I） （I）
-48VGND （II）
（II）

Grounding terminal
Terninal 2

Air switch 2
Air switch 1
Terninal 1

-48V GND GND -48V

PGND
（I） （I） （II） （II）

File Name
 STRUCTURE OF POWER ALARM SUBRACK

File Name
 ODF PLUG IN BOX

File Name
 Internal Structure of the ODF Plug-in Box

File Name
 Sub rack ID selection switch Definition

Subrack ID selection switch, a 8-bit DIP switch.

When the NE is in multiple-rack/subrack
configuration, this switch is used to define the rack
and the subrack serial number of the subrack.

Cabinet No. Subrack No.

3， 2， 1， 2， 1， 0
0
File Name
 Sub rack ID selection switch Definition

There are 16 rack numbers. At present, one NCP can

manage 4 racks. Rack No.

File Name
 Sub rack ID selection switch Definition

There are 8 sub-rack numbers. At present, one rack

can have up to 4 sub-racks configured inside.

File Name
 ZXWM-M 900 DWDM

LINKING THE FIBER

File Name
 ZXWM-M 900 DWDM
O O O O
B L L P
A A A A
osc
OMU ODU
OBA OLA OLA OLA OPA

OSC OSC OSC OSC OSC

ODU OMU

OPA OLA OLA OLA OBA

File Name
 Principle diagram of the ZXWM M900 DWDM
optical transmission system

OTM-1 OTM-2
OLA
2.5GSDH 2.5GSDH
OTU OTU
OA M O O O
O D M OA O
U OA D
U U U
• M D •
• U U •
2.5GSDH 2.5GSDH
• •
OTU OTU
OSC OSC OSC
2.5GSDH 2.5GSDH
OTU OTU
O O

• D
O O
M •
O O
• U D M D M U •
U OA U OA
2.5GSDH • OA
U U • 2.5GSDH
OTU
OTU

File Name
 The typical fiber connection relationship of an OA

OTM OLA OTM

EAST EAST
OBA OLA OPA
combined input combined output

λOSC λOSC λOSC λOSC

OSCT OSCL OSCT

λOSC λOSC

WEST OPA OBA WEST

OLA
combined input combined output

File Name
 ZXWM-M 900 DWDM FIBRE CONNETION

OTM OLA OADM OTM

S1 RM1
OTU 1
l1 SD1 R1
OTU 1
S2 RM2 EDFA
EDFA
OTU 2
l power amplifier linear amplifier SD2 R2
OTU 2
O R' S'
OBA OLA OAD OPA O
M MPI-S MPI-R
Sn-1 RMn-1 U D
OTU
n-1 l1 EDFA U
O O O O preamplifier
T T
Sn RMn T T SDn-1 Rn-1
Optical monitoring channel

U U OTU
OTU n U U
l n-1
Optical monitoring SDn R

Optical monitoring channel

Optical monitoring n
channel OTU n
OSCT

channel

OSCL OSCL

OSCT
R1 SD1
OTU 1 RM1 S1
OTU 1
l1
R2 SD2
OTU 2 EDFA EDFA RM2
linear amplifier
S2
preamplifier OTU 2
O O l
D OPA R' M
OLA OAD OBA
U MPI-R S' MPI-S U
EDFA RMn-1 S OTU
n-1
Rn-1 S power amplifier
OTU Dn-1 O O O O l1 n-1
n-1 T T T T
Rn SDn U U U U RMn Sn
OTU n
OTU n l

File Name
 ZXWM-M 900 DWDM

Differents boards used in:

2.5Gb/s (32 Ch) &

10Gb/s (40 Ch) DWDM System

File Name
 2.5Gb/s (32 Ch) DWDM System boards
Optical Transponder Unit with FEC
OTU F
Client signal supported: 1X STM-4/16 at 1550nm
Line side :Tx 0-5dBm, Rx dynamic range -9 to -27 dBm
Client Side: Tx -2 to +3 dBm, Rx dynamic range -9 to -28 dBm for Long haul
Tx 0 to -5 dBm, Rx dynamic range 0 to -18 dBm for short haul
Data Service Aggregate board with FEC
DSAF-2
Client Signal supported: 2X 1GbE at 1310nm & 1550nm
Line side :Tx 0-5dBm, Rx dynamic range -9 to -27 dBm
Client side: at 1310nm Tx: -3 to -11 dBm , Rx -3 to -19 dBm
at 1550nm Tx: 0 to -4 dBm, Rx -3 to -20 dBm
Optical Multiplexer Unit
OMU-32
Combine 32 coloured wavelengths
Insertion loss: < 17dB
Optical Demultiplexing Unit
ODU-32
It filters out all the 32 channel & inputs to the corresponding Rx
Transponders
Insertion loss: <8dB
File Name
 2.5Gb/s (32 Ch) DWDM System boards
Add/Drop ch1 – ch4 & passes through remaining channels via port M1-
OAD-4 M2 loopback.

(Ch1- Ch4 Add/Drop) Insertion loss: Input-Drop :<-5dB Add-Output: < -5dB
Input – Output : < -8dBm

Optical Booster Amplifier

OBA (2520)
OBA(2520) Gain: 25dB , Max. Output: 20dBm (Used in OTM)
OBA (1620) Input Power range: -8 to -3 dBm
OBA(1620) Gain: 16dB , Max. Output: 20dBm (Used in OADM)
Input Power range: 0 to +4 dBm
Optical Pre Amplifier
OPA (1712)
OPA(1712) Gain: 17dB , Max. Output: 12dBm (Used in OTM &
OADM)
Input Power range: -8 to -3 dBm
Optical Line Amplifier
OLA (2520)
OLA(2520) Gain: 25dB , Max. Output: 20dBm (Used in OLA)
Input Power range: -8 to -3 dBm

File Name
 2.5Gb/s (32 Ch) DWDM System boards
Optical Transceiving for the supervisory information located in OA subrack.
OSCL/OSCT
OSCL: For OLA/OADM & OSCT: for OTM
Working wave length: 1510nm +/- 10nm at 2.048Mb/s
Power Tx: -7 to 0 dBm Rx: -48dBm

Overhead processor
OHP
Process OH/ supervisory signal

Network Controller Processor

NCPF
It controls the overall operation of DWDM equipment

LAC board adjusts its electrically variable optical attenuator (EVOA) through
LACG/LACT
EMS
LACG has two EVOAs while LACT has one EVOA.

File Name
 2.5Gb/s (32 Ch) DWDM System boards
OTU T SDH Tunable transponder (λ1 to λ32) is divided in two boards:
λ1 to λ16 tunable in one board
SDH Tunable
λ17 to λ32 tunable in second board
Transponder

DSAF T 2X 1GbE Tunable transponder (λ1 to λ32) is divided in two boards:

λ1 to λ16 tunable in one board
2X 1GbE
λ17 to λ32 tunable in second board
Tunable
Transponder
FAN Unit For forced Cooling of the equipment

FCB

PWSB Power supply board

Distributes -48V DC through MCB/fuse for protection of equipment

File Name
 10Gb/s (40 Ch) DWDM System boards
Optical Transponder Unit with AFEC
OTU10G
Client signal supported: 1X STM-64 at 1550nm
Line side :Tx 0-5dBm, Rx dynamic range 0 to -14 dBm
Client Side: Tx -1 to +2 dBm, Rx dynamic range 0 to -14 dBm
Optical Transponder Unit for 10 GbE with AFEC
OTU10GbE
Client signal supported :1X 10GbE
Line side: Tx 0-5dBm, Rx dynamic range 0 to -14 dBm
Client side: Tx
Four 2.5G sub rate mux board
SRM-41
Client signal supported: 4X STM-16 at 1550nm
Line side :Tx 0-5dBm, Rx dynamic range 0 to -14 dBm
Client Side: Tx -2 to +3 dBm, Rx dynamic range -9 to -28 dBm for Long haul
Tx 0 to -5 dBm, Rx dynamic range 0 to -18 dBm for short haul
Gigabit Ethernet Mux board with FEC
GEM-8
Client Signal supported: 8X 1GbE at 1310nm & 1550nm
Line side :Tx 0-5dBm, Rx dynamic range -9 to -21 dBm
Client side: at 1310nm Tx: -3 to -11 dBm , Rx -3 to -19 dBm
at 1550nm Tx: 0 to -4 dBm, Rx -3 to -20 dBm

File Name
 10Gb/s (40 Ch) DWDM System boards
Optical Multiplexer Unit
OMU-40
Combine 40 coloured wavelengths
Insertion loss: < 10 dB
Optical Demultiplexing Unit
ODU-40
It filters out all the 40 channel & inputs to the corresponding Rx
Transponders
Insertion loss: < 10dB
Optical Add-Drop multiplexure for 8 no. of channels ( for 1-8 or 9-16
OAD-8 (LC-OADM)
channels)
(λ 1- λ 8) Adds 8 no of channels
Drops 8 no of channel
(λ 9- λ 16)
Pass through remaining channels
Insertion Loss:
In-Out: <6dB, Add-out: <4dB, In-Drop:<4dB

File Name
 10Gb/s (40 Ch) DWDM System boards
Network Controller Processor (Fast Ethernet)
NCPF
Controls Overall function of DWDM equipment
Can manage upto 4 racks
In case failure of supervisory channel, it takes over the control for
supervision.
Overhead processor (Fast Ethernet)
OHPF
Process OH/ supervisory signal
Process OW signal over VoIP
Provides transparent user channel data.
Optical Supervisory Channel (Fast Ethernet) located in OA subrack.
OSCF
Working wave length: 1510nm +/- 10nm at 2.048Mb/s
Power Tx: -7 to 0 dBm Rx: -48dBm

Automatic Protection Switching for Fast Ethernet

APSF
It collects & processes messages relate to protection & recovery
mechanism inside the NE.

File Name
 10Gb/s (40 Ch) DWDM System boards
LAC board adjusts its electrically variable optical
LACG/LACT
attenuator (EVOA) through EMS
LACG has two EVOAs while LACT has one
EVOA.

Optical Booster Amplifier

OBA (2020)
Gain:20dB, O/P :20dBm
input range 0 to -16dBm
Used in OTM, OADM
Optical Pre Amplifier
OPA (1717)
Gain:17dB, O/P :17dBm
input range 0 to -16dBm
Used in OTM, OADM
Dispersion Compensation Module
DCM
DCM type varies with distance (KM)
DCM20,DCM 40,DCM 60,DCM 80

File Name
 10Gb/s (40 Ch) DWDM System boards
Forced cooling fan
FAN Unit

Power supply board

PWSB
Distributes -48V DC through MCB/fuse for
protection of equipment

File Name
 Introduction to boards

•Optical transponder unit (OTU)

•Optical multiplex unit (OMU)
•Optical demultiplexer unit (ODU)
•Optical amplifier (OA)
•Optical add/drop multiplex board (OAD)
•Optical protection board (OP)
•Optical supervision channel board (OSC)

File Name
 Introduction to boards

•Optical performance monitoring board (OPM)

•Overhead processor (OHP)
• Net control processor (NCP)
• Fan control board (FCB)
• Power board (PWB)
•Power supervision board (PWSB)

File Name
 OPTICAL TRANSPONDER UNIT
OTUF

File Name
 OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF OTUF

G.692
SDH G.957
Optical transmission G.709
/ GbE Optical receiving
with specific wavelength
(O/E)
(E/O)

FEC framer

G.957 G.692
SDH/ GbE G.709
Optical transmission with Optical receiving
unspecific wavelength (O/E)

Control & communication

File Name
 OT U SUB RACK

Common interface area

Fan box

O O O O O O O O O O
T T T T T T T T T T OMU32
U U U U U U U U U U

Fiber connection area

File Name
 OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF OMU

λ1
Optical channel input 1

32:1 multiplexer
λ2 Combined
Optical channel input 2 optical output
.
.
.
Online monitoring
λ32 interface
Optical channel input32 Optical power
monitoring

Control & communication

File Name
 Fiber Connection Relationship of OMU

l1
OTU1
l2 O
OTU2

D

 U
l n OPA
OTUn

File Name
 Operating Principles of ODU

λ1

32:1 demultiplexer
Optical channel output 1
Combined λ2
Optical channel output 2
optical input
·
·
·
λ32
Optical channel output 32

Optical power
Online monitoring interface
monitoring

Control & communication

File Name
 ODU Fiber Connection Relationship

l1
OTU1
l2 O
OTU2

D

 U
l n OPA
OTUn

File Name
 OADM STRUCTURE
Power Plug-in Box Power alarm sub-rack
Fan Public interface area
O
O O Fan plug-in box Fan plug-in box Fan plug-in box
T
T A Dustproof net
U
U D
R
3 0 OUT sub-rack 1
3 Board plug-in area
0 4
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 光纤走线区
Fiber wiring area
Wiring Area
Common Interface Public interface area
Fan plug-in box Fan plug-in box Fan plug-in box
O
O O N O O Dustproof net
O S 风扇插箱
P B C B P
W C OUT sub-rack
A A P A A
L Board防尘网
plug-in area
ODF
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 光纤走线区
Fiber wiring area
Fan
Public interface area
Wiring Area
Fan plug-in box Fan plug-in box Fan plug-in box
Fan
O Dustproof net
O O
T
A T
U OA子架 OUT sub-rack 2
D U Board plug-in area
色散补偿插箱
R
0 3
3 光纤走线区
4 0
0 Fiber wiring area
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
ODF plug-in box
Wiring Area (or DCM plug-in box)
DCM plug-in box
DCM plug-in box

File Name
 Operating Principles of OAD (add/drop 4 channels)

Control & communication

IN OUT
OADM

Power monitoring

DROP ADD

File Name
 Fiber Connection Relationship of OAD4

OPA λ1
λ2
.
.
λ4 .

O
λOSC
OPM OSCL A
λ1 OTU1
D
λOSC λ2 OTU2
.
.
.
λ4 OTU4
OBA

File Name
 Operating Principles of LAC (Take LACG for Example)

IN1 OUT1
EVOA 5/95 coupler

Optical power
monitoring

EVOA drive
circuit Control &
communication

Optical power
monitoring

OUT2 IN2
5/95 coupler EVOA

File Name
 ZXWM-M 900 DWDM

LACT
LACG
File Name
 OPTICAL AMPLIFIER UNIT

Line input 1510/1550 1550 EDFA 1550 1/99 1510/1550 Line output
demultiplexer gain lock coupler multiplexer

1510 1510
Local monitoring interface
Check control circuit

File Name
 OPTICAL LINE AMPLIFIER

OLA
EAST in EAST out

lOSC lOSC
OPM OSC

lOSC lOSC

WEST out WEST in

OLA

File Name
 Panel of OBA
NOM: Normal working indicator

Green (normal working indicator) (green)

Red (alarm indicator)
Line input interface ALM: Alarm indicator (red)

Line output interface IN: 1550

Local monitoring output interface

OUT: 1550+1510

MON : monitor
1510 input interface

S_IN: 1510

** IN+S_IN=OUT **

File Name
 Panel of OLA

NOM: Normal working indicator

Green (normal working indicator)
Red (alarm indicator)
(green)
Line intput interface
ALM: Alarm indicator (red)
Line output interface
IN: 1550+1510
Local monitoring output interface
OUT: 1550+1510
1510 input interface
MON : monitor
1510 output interface S_OUT: 1510

S_IN: 1510

File Name
 Panel of OPA
NOM: Normal working indicator

Green (normal working indicator)

(green)
Red (alarm indicator)
Line input interface ALM: Alarm indicator (red)

Line output interface

IN: 1550+1510

OUT: 1550
Local monitoring output interface

MON : monitor
1510output
input interface
S_OUT: 1510

** IN - S_OUT=OUT **

File Name
 Optical supervision channel board (OSC)

1510nm
optical input Optoelectrical Code pattern
conversion conversion

Control and communication circuit Data processing

1510nm
optical output Optoelectrical Code pattern
conversion conversion

File Name
 Panel of OSCT

Green (normal working indicator)

Red (alarm indicator)

Optical input interface

Optical output interface

File Name
 Panel of OSCL

Green (normal working indicator)

Red (alarm indicator)

Optical input interface 1

Optical output interface 1

Optical input interface 2

Optical output interface 2

File Name
 Overhead processor board (OHP)

DT MF

2-wire interface
SLIC CODEC
1

Space division
switching
Signal tone

Data processing
generation

2-wire interface 2 SLIC CODEC

T raffic 4
signaling channels
generation
DT MF module
Group
addressing
call module

File Name
 FUNCTION OF OHP
 Its main functions include two major modules:
 One is the processing of the orderwire overhead
message
 The other is the processing of the user channel
information

File Name
 Panel of OHP

Green (normal working indicator)

Red (alarm indicator)

File Name
 NE Control Processor (NCP)

CPU RAM Test interface External I/O

f interface Qx F interface S interface ECC interface

interface

File Name
 NE Control Processor (NCP)
 NE MANAGERMENT
 The NCP implements the initial configurations of the NEs, receives
and analyzes EM orders, sends directions to each board via the
communication interface, and executes relevant operations. In
addition, it transfers the messages reported by each board to the EM.
 The NCP also controls the alarm output of the equipment and
monitors the external alarm input

 ECC
 NCP extracts the ECC information from each optical interface via the
HDLC communication bus between it and the optical boards. It
analyzes the information and then forwards via other optical
interfaces, or it sends the information to EM for processing

File Name
 POWER CONSUMPTION OF DWDM MODULE
Board Name Description Max Power
consumption(W)
OTUF Optical Transponder Unit with 30
FEC
OTU10G Optical Transponder Unit for 10G 35

GEM8 GbE Mux board with FEC 30

SRM-41 4x2.5G subrate mux with FEC 50
OBA Optical Booster Amplifier 25
OPA Optical Pre Amplifier 15
OMU Optical Mux Unit 5(TFF)/25(AWG)

File Name
 Power Consumption of 10G/40Ch DWDM
Modules
Board Description Max Power
Name consuption(W)
ODU Optical De-Mux Unit 5(TFF)/25(AWG)

LACG/LACT Line Attenuation Compensater 10

OAD-8 Optical Add Drop 10

FCB Fan Control board 12
NCPF NE Control Processor for fast 15
Ethernet
OSCF Optical supervisory channel for 20
fast Ethetnet
APSF Automatic protection for Fast 20
File Name
Ethernet
 Power Consumption of 10G/40Ch DWDM
Modules
Board Name Description Max Power
consuption(W)
OHPF Over Head Processing board for 15
fast Ethernet
PBX Power board Box 10
PWSB Powre Supervision Board 10

File Name
 Typical Power Consumption of 10G/40Ch DWDM
Equipt.
Equipt Subrack/Rack Power
Consumption

Rack OTM 2278 W

OLA 341 W

OADM 1097 W

File Name
 Protection
in
DWDM

File Name
 Protection in DWDM
 Principle of 1+1 protection.
 Principle of 1:N protection.
 Ring protection

File Name
 Optical Channel Section 1+1 configuration

OTU OTU
O O
P OTU OTU P

SDH Tx Rx SDH
1+1 Tx Rx 1+1

OTU Mux Demux

O OTU
P O
OTU OTU P
Rx SDH
SDH Tx Rx 1+1
1+1
Tx
Optical channel protection provides the optical equivalent of 1+1 (SDH) protection1.
Protection line is special and cannot be shared with other working lines.
3. It can be used in any network structure (point-to-point, ring network).
4. It is restorable protection without signaling support.
5. Its bandwidth utilization ratio is low and cost is high.

File Name
 1:N configuration

Features of 1:N Protection

1. The protection line is shared by multiple working lines.
2. Signaling support is required. The implementation process is relatively
complicated.
3. It can be used in ring and grid networks.
4. Protection is restorable.
5. Its bandwidth utilization ratio is high but protection reliability is low.
File Name
 Optical Ring Channel configuration

OP OP

OAD
Protection
OP

OP OP
‘Headend’
OAD OAD
OP

Working
OAD

OP OP

 Working and protection directions in the ring

 Switching at channel level allows SDH/IP protection to be used (instead of
optical protection) when available

File Name
 ‘Headend’ OAD (Demux/Mux) filters ASE to avoid optical oscillations
 DWDM Equipment :
Hardware & Software

File Name
 EMS: ZXONM E300

File Name
 EMS: ZXONM E300 Features
 Fault Management
 Performance Management
 Security Management
 Configuration management
 Maintenance Management
 System Management

File Name
 EMS: ZXONM E300
some more feature

 Provides 3 Layer Client/Server Structure

 Interface
 Service
 Data
 Adopts standard L2 Ethernet Switching
 Supports Up gradation without traffic interruption
 Supports remote control of all parameters
 Manages CWDM, SDH & DWDM in unified way.

File Name
 End of
System HW
File Name
 Optical Power Budget
Some Hints.

 10G/40Ch DWDM
 2.5G/32Ch DWDM

File Name
 Optical Power Budget
10G/40Ch DWDM

1. OTM
2. LC-OADM
3. HC-OADM

File Name
 Power Budget : OTM (Tx)
(10G/40Ch DWDM)

OTU10G
OMU40 DCM OBA

+4dBm/Ch
-15dBm/ch
-3dBm/Ch -9dBm/Ch +20dBm/total

+7dBm/Total

Ex: 6dB loss

 Note 1: -3dBm output power is the value of EOL (End of Life) of OTU
 (Transponder and muxponder)
 Note 2: The insertion loss of MUX40 (OMU40) is 6dB maximum
 Note 3: The insertion loss of DCM is 6dB maximum

File Name
 Power Budget : OTM (Rx)
(10G/40Ch DWDM)

OBA2020
OBA2020 OPA1717 IL 6dB

ODU
OBA OPA LACT DCM OBA
27dB
40
Fibre
loss
-23dBm/Ch -13dBm/Ch +1dBm/Ch
-7dBm/total 17dBm/total
3dm/Total

+4dBm/Ch -6dBm/Ch -19dBm/Ch

20dBm/total 10dBm/Total -3dBm/total

OTM

 Note 1: The maximum optical input power of DCM is -3dBm/ch, the LAC will be adjusted
 4dB (with itself insertion loss)
 Note 2: The insertion loss of DCM is 6dB maximum
 Note 3: The pass thru insertion loss of HC-OADM is 12dB maximum

File Name
 Power Budget : LC-OADM
(10G/40Ch DWDM)

OAD-8 OBA2020
OPA1717 IL 6dB OBA2020
OBA2020

OPA LACT DCM OBA OBA

OBA
27dB
Fibre
loss +4dBm/Ch
20dBm/total
-23dBm/Ch -10dBm/Ch +4dBm/Ch
-7dBm/total 6dm/Total 20dBm/total

+4dBm/Ch -6dBm/Ch -16dBm/Ch

20dBm/total 10dBm/Total Drop
0dBm/total
Add
LC-OADM
 Note 1: Because the maximum optical input power of OPA is 0dBm, the 3dB attenuator will be added
before the OPA to avoid overload.
 Note 2: The maximum optical input power of DCM is -3dBm/ch, the LAC will be adjusted 11dB (with itself
insertion loss)
 Note 3: The insertion loss of DCM is 6dB maximum
 Note 4: The pass thru insertion loss of LC-OADM is 5dB maximum

File Name
 Power Budget : HC-OADM
(10G/40Ch DWDM)

HC-OAD OBA2020
OPA1717 IL 6dB OBA2020
OBA2020

OPA LACT DCM OBA OBA

OBA
27dB
Fibre
loss +4dBm/Ch
20dBm/total
-23dBm/Ch -10dBm/Ch +4dBm/Ch
-7dBm/total 6dm/Total 20dBm/total

+4dBm/Ch -6dBm/Ch -16dBm/Ch

20dBm/total 10dBm/Total Drop
0dBm/total
Add
LC-OADM

 Note 1: The maximum optical input power of DCM is -3dBm/ch, the LAC will be
adjusted 4dB (with itself insertion loss)
 Note 2: The insertion loss of DCM is 6dB maximum
 Note 3: The pass thru insertion loss of HC-OADM is 12dB maximum
File Name
Optical Power Budget
2.5G/32Ch DWDM

1. OTM
2. OLA
3. OADM

File Name
 Power Budget : OTM (Tx)
(2.5G/32Ch DWDM)

Fixed Atten. Nominal -5dBm

Ch1 Nominal -5 dBm

O +20dBm
LACT
0 to -5 M
dBm

OLA
U

OBA
3 Fibre loss
Ch32 17 to 22 dB
2
OBA OLA2520
2520
<17dB loss

OTM

File Name
 Power Budget : OTM (Rx)
(2.5G/32Ch DWDM)

-9 to -27 dBm
LACT Nom -5 dBm
O
D
OLA

U OTU

OP
A
Fibre loss 3
17 to 22 2
dB OPA1712

OLA2520

IL < 8dB
OTM (Rx)

File Name
 Power Budget : OLA
(2.5G/32Ch DWDM)

LACG LACG
Nominal -5 dBm Nominal -5 dBm

+20dBm +20dBm

OLA
OLA

Fibre loss
Fibre loss
17 to 22 dB
17 to 22 dB
OLA2520 OLA2520

File Name
 Power Budget : OADM
(2.5G/32Ch DWDM)

LACG Fixed atten.

Nominal -5 dBm Nominal +4 dBm

+20dBm
+20dBm
OAD-4
Ch1-4/

OBA
OPA
OLA

Ch5-8
Fibre loss
17 to 22 dB 0 to -5dBm
OPA1712 OBA1620
OLA2520
IL OADM
OTU
Rx -9 to -27dBm in-drop <5dB
Add-out <5dB
In-out <8dB

OADM
File Name
 ZXWM M900 HARDWARE SYSTEM
Supervisory Board
(Function & Configuration)

File Name
 Functions of OSCF Board

 The OSCF is a key functional board in the hundred-megabit

Ethernet-based monitoring system of the ZXWM M900.

 The OSCF board provides the following major functions:

Provide six 100Base-Tx auto-sensing Ethernet ports as the
communication interface and extension interface with other
functional boards such as NCPF, APSF, and OHPF; provide two
100Base-Fx/10Base-Fx optical ports as the communication
interfaces with the OSCF boards of the adjacent Network
Elements (NEs). In the hundred-megabit Ethernet monitoring
system, the ECC data, APS data, transparent user channel data,
and order-wire voice data are encapsulated as IP data packets
into the Ethernet data frame for transmission and exchange.

File Name
 Card IP Address Configuration

Operation Purpose
 To provide the card IP address setting and query
function. To get access remote NE, the optical port 7
and 8 of OSCF board has to be configured.

 This function is applicable for ZXWM M900 (100M)

File Name
 Operation Description
 Select WDM NE. In the client operation window, click [Device
Config→ 100M Routing Management → Card IP Address
Configure] to login [Card IP Address Config] dialog box.

File Name
 Interface Description

 [Resource]: Used to select the NE to be queried. After selecting the NE in

window, click arrow icon pointing towards the right on the toolbar to
execute it.
 [Board]: Display all boards to be configured with IP addresses in the
current NE.
 [Card IP Edit Region]: Select the corresponding card in the [Card IP List]
and edit the card IP information here.

File Name
  [IP Address]: it cannot conflict with other IP addresses in the network. For the
corresponding optical interfaces of two OSCF cards connected with fiber, the
IP address must be configured in the same network segment; For the
corresponding optical interfaces of two OSCF cards not connected with fiber,
the IP address must not be configured in the same network segment. For
example, the IP addresses of the optical interfaces 7 and 8 on the same OSCF
card cannot be set in the same network segment.

 [Subnet Mask]: Configure as required. The default value is 255.255.255.0. If

the optical interface is disable, set the subnet mask to 0.0.0.0.

 [Area ID]: 0 by default. In case of less than 200 NEs, it is recommended to set
the area ID by default.

 [Card IP List]: Displaying the card IP information.

Electric port 1-6

 The [Electric Port 1-6] of the [Address SN] column corresponds with the
Ethernet electric ports 1-6 on the OSCF card. Electric port 1-6 on the OSCF
card share one IP address, which is automatically allocated by the NMS
according to the NE IP address You do not need to modify it.

 Optical Port 7 and Optical Port 8

 [Optical Port 7] and [Optical Port 8]in the [Address SN] column corresponds
with the optical ports IN1/OUT1 and IN2/OUT2 on the OSCF card.
File Name
 Operation Instruction
 Set card IP address (Take the example for NE A and NE B)
 1. Open the card IP address config window for particular NE.
 2. Select the card to be set in the [Board] pull-down list box. By default it will
show OSCF itself.
 3. Select the port 7 IP to be configured in the [Card IP List]. The corresponding
information will be displayed in the [Card IP Edit Region].

File Name
  4.Modify [IP Address], [Subnet Mask] and [Area ID] in the [Card IP Edit Region] and
click<OK>. For eg put IP-10.10.1.2 and subnet mask 255.255.25.0. Now new IP will be
displayed on port 7 in card IP list region as shown

5. Repeat the step 3 and 4 for port 8 IP setting. This should be different network segment
IP from port 7.For eg put IP 10.10.2.1

File Name
 6. After putting IP for port 7 and 8 click<Apply>. One success prompt window will
appear.

File Name
 7. Now repeat steps1~6 for adjacent next NE (NE B) OSCF IP configuration.
Remember port 7 of NE-B is connected with port 8 of previous NE-A, so IP of port 7
of NE-B and NE-A should be in same network segment IP. For eg 10.10.2.2. And IP
of port 8 should be of different network segment. For eg 10.10.3.1

File Name
 Now get clear with four NEs example

NE NE-1 NE-2 NE-3 NE-4

10.10.1.2 10.10.2.2 10.10.3.2 10.10.4.1

Port 7
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0

10.10.2.1 10.10.3.1 10.10.4.1 10.10.5.1

Port 8
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0

File Name
 ZXWM M900/ZXMP M800 HARDWARE SYSTEM

ORDERWIRW FUNCTION

File Name
  Orderwire No. Configuration

 NE Multicast Group Route Configuration

File Name
 Order wire Configuration
Operation Purpose
 Setting or querying the orderwire number, group call
and group for DWDM NEs, such as ZXWM-32 (V1.1),
ZXWM M900 and ZXMP M800.

File Name
 Operation Description
The OW configuration dialog box can be accessed by following method:
 Select a WDM NE in the client operation window, and select the menu item [Device Config →

Common Management → OW Config].

File Name
  Interface Description

 [Select NE]: Displaying the selected NE. If multiple DWDM NEs have been selected
before open the OW dialog box, you can select other NEs from the list. Use arrow
key (encircled in red) to select particular NE.

File Name
  [OW Number]: displaying the orderwire number of the selected
NE with the range from 001 to 998. The orderwire number should
be different for different NEs. OW Number must be three digit
number.
 [Group-Call] area: displaying the group-call configurations of the
NE, including the following three items.
 [Group-Call]: enable or disable the group-call function.
 [Group-Call Code]: the password for group-call with the range
from 001 to 999. The default password is 888.Group-call code
must be three digit number.
 [Group Number]: the group which the NE belongs to.

File Name
  Note:
 1.Point-to-point orderwire phone dialing mode:
Pick up the phone and dial the orderwire number of the opposite
NE after hearing the dialing tone.

 2. Group-call dialing mode:

Pick up the phone and dial 999 and the group call password
after hearing the dialing tone.

 3. Three-party call dialing mode:

Pick up the phone, dial the # and the orderwire number of the
opposite NE after hearing the dialing tone. The opposite party
answer the call and dial the # and the orderwire number of the
third party. After the third party answer the call, the sound of
three parties can be hear.

File Name
 NE Multicast Group Route Configuration

 Operation Purpose

 In 100M supervision systems, orderwire commands are sent to

related NEs in a multicast group. The IP addresses of multicast
groups, located in the multicast network section (224.*.*.*), are
automatically generated by the system.

 If the orderwire function is required in a system, the EMS must

be used to calculate the route of corresponding multicast group.

 This function is applicable to ZXWM M900 (100M) and ZXMP

M800 (100M).

File Name
  Operation Description
 In the client operation window, select the WDM NE to be
configured and then select [Device Config → 100M Route
Management → NE Multicast Group Route] to pop up the [NE
Multicast Group Route] dialog box.

File Name
  Interface Description

 [Select Group]: Lists all multicast groups in the system

 [NE in Group]: Lists all NEs in the selected multicast group
 [Route Information]: Shows the route information of NEs
 <Calculate> button: Used to issue the command to calculate the route of the
selected multicast group
 <Import> button: Used to load the multicast group route configuration
information in the text format
 <Export> button: Used to export the route configuration information of the
selected multicast group in the text format
File Name
 Operation Instruction
 To calculate the NE multicast group route configuration
1. Select the multicast group to be configured from the [Select Group] drop-down
list box.
2. Select the NE(s) to be calculated in the [NE in Group] list box. (Select All)
3. Click <Calculate> button to issue the calculation command. Then the multicast
group route configuration information will be shown in the [Route Information] area
and “Command success” prompt widow will appear as shown below.

File Name
  4. Click <Apply> button. A [Command Status] dialog box will pop up to prompt the

success information, as shown in the following figure.

File Name
  To query the route configuration of an NE multicast group
1. Select the multicast group to be queried from the [Select
Group] drop-down list box.
2. Click <Query> button. Then the route configuration
information will be shown in the [Route Information] area.
(Encircled in red)

File Name
  Important:
 In order to use the orderwire function, orderwire
phone number must be set for each NE first. Only
after that, can the system generate corresponding
multicast group automatically.
 All the link configuration between NEs should be in
proper way.

File Name