Population Growth and

Economic Development:
Causes, Consequences,
and Controversies
 “
Economic development may be far from
“the best contraceptive” (that it is
sometimes describe as)…. On the other
hand, social development- especially
women’s education and employment-
can be very effective indeed.
- Amartya Sen, Nobel laureate in economic

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 1.
The Basic Issue:
Population Growth and
the Quality of Life

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 Examine some issues relating to population
growth to economic development.

◆ By looking at ◆ Present well-known ◆ Evaluate a range of

historical and recent economic models alternative policy
population trends and hypotheses options that developing
and the changing regarding the countries may wish to
geographic causes and adopt to influence the
distribution of the consequences of size and growth of their
world’s people. rapid population populations, as well as
growth in ways in which
contemporary industrialized countries
developing can contribute to a more
countries. manageable global
population and resource
environment

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 2.
Population Growth: Past,
Present, and Future

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 World Population
Growth
thoughout
History
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 ◆ 12,000 years ago, the estimated world
population was no more than 5 million.
◆ 2,000 years ago, world population had grown to
nearly 250 million.
◆ Beginning of industrial revolution (1750), it
tripled 728 million people.
◆ Next 200 years (1750-1950) additional 1.7 billion
people were added
◆ But in just 4 decades (1950-1990) human’s
population doubled around 5.3 billion

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 ◆ 300 years ago, population grew at an annual
rate not much greater than 0 (0.002% or 20 per
million)
◆ By 1750, the population growth rate had
accelerated to 0.3% per year
◆ By 1950, the rate had again accelerated about 1%
per year.
◆ Around 1970, it peaked at 2.35%
◆ Today, the world’s population growth rate
remains at a historically high rate of nearly 1.2%
8
per year.
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 Chart Title
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Series 1 Series 2

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 ◆ The relationship between ◆ Doubling time – is the
annual percentage period that a given
increases and the time it population or other
takes for a population to quantity takes to increase
double size, or doubling by its present size.
time

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 Structure of the
World’s Population
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 Distributed by:

1. Geographic Region

2. Fertility and morality levels

3. Age structures
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 Geographic Region

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 Map and Country Sizes Proportional to Their
Fraction of World Population

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 Fertility and Mortality Trends

 The rate of population increases is

quantitatively measured as the percentage
yearly net relative increase in population due to
natural increase and net international
migration.

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 Rate of population increase Natural increase Net international migration

◆ The growth of a ◆ The difference ◆ The excess of

population, between the birth persons
calculated as the rate and death of migrating into a
natural increase a given country over
after adjusting for population. those who
immigration and emigrate from
emigration. that country.

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 Crude birth rate Death rate

◆ The number of children ◆ The number of deaths each

born alive each year per year per 1,000 population.
1,000 population

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 ◆ Developing nations have birth rates ranging
from 15 to 45 per 1,000.
◆ All developing countries, the rate is less than 15
per 1,000.
◆ Developing country birth rates today are still
often higher than they were in preindustrial
western Europe.
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 Rapid economic and social development

Taiwan

South Korea

China

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 Nations where economic growth has been less rapid

Mexico

Bangladesh

Zimbabwe

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 Total Fertility Rate (TRF) Life Expectancy at birth Under-5 mortality rate

◆ The number ◆ The number of ◆ Deaths among

children that years a newborn children between
would be born to a child would live if birth and 5 years
woman if she subjected to the of age per 1,000
were to live to the mortality risks live births.
end of her prevailing for the
childbearing population at the
years and bear time of the child’s
children in birth.
accordance with
the prevailing
age-specific
fertility rates.
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 Fertility Rate for Selected Countries, 1970 and 2009
Total Fertility Rate

Country 1970 2012

Bangladesh 7.0 2.3

Colombia 5.3 2.1

Indonesia 5.5 2.3

Jamaica 5.3 2.1

Mexico 4.9 2.3

Thailand 5.5 1.6

Zimbabwe 7.7 4.1

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 Age Structure and Dependency Burdens
◆ Youth Dependency Ratio
- The proportion of young
people under age 15 to the
working population aged 16 to
64 in a country.
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◆ Hidden momentum of
population growth
- The phenomenon whereby
population continues to
increase even after a fall in
birth rates because the large
existing youthful population
expands the population’s base
of potential parents.
 The Hidden
Momentum of
Population Growth
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 Use charts to explain your ideas

White Gray Black

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27
 Population Pyramid

 A graphic depiction of the age structure

of the population, with age cohorts
plotted on the vertical axis and either
populations shares or numbers of males
and females in each cohort on the
horizontal axis.

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 In this chapter

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 Let’s review some concepts
Yellow
Is the color of gold, butter and
ripe lemons. In the spectrum
of visible light, yellow is found
between green and orange.
Yellow
Is the color of gold, butter and
ripe lemons. In the spectrum
of visible light, yellow is found
between green and orange.
32
Blue
Is the colour of the clear sky
and the deep sea. It is located
between violet and green on
the optical spectrum.
Blue
Is the colour of the clear sky
and the deep sea. It is located
between violet and green on
the optical spectrum.
Red
Is the color of blood, and
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with sacrifice, danger and
courage.
Red
Is the color of blood, and
because of this it has
historically been associated
with sacrifice, danger and
courage.
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