Acceleration due to gravity (Earth)

Acceleration due to gravity (Earth)

•Treated as a constant near the Earth
•9.81 m/sec^2 = 981 cm/sec^2
 Displacement, velocity, and time
Units?
d  v *t
v  d / t m/sec = m/sec

1
vave  (v f  vi )
2
 Displacement versus time

30

25

d
i
20
s
p
l
a v
15
c
e
m
e 10
n
t

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
time
 Displacement
versus time
30

25

d
i
20
s
p
l
a 15
c
d
e
m
e 10
n
t

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
time
What does the slope mean?
 Velocity, acceleration, and time

v  a *t m/sec = m/sec-2 * sec

a  v / t m/sec-2 = m/sec / sec

 Velocity versus time
30

25

20

v
e
l
o 15
c v
i
t
10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
time
Assume constant acceleration
 Velocity versus time
30

25

20
v
e
l
o 15
c
v
i
t
y 10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
time
What is happening here? What does the slope mean? What is the linear
relationship?
Displacement, acceleration, and time

d  /2 a *t
1 2
 Displacement versus time
30

25

20

v
e
l
o 15
c v
i
t
10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
time

Assume constant acceleration

 Displacement vs. time
350

300

250
d
i
s
p 200
l
a
c
e d
150
m
e
n
t
100

50

0
0 2 4 6 time 8 10 12 14

What could affect this curve for a falling object?

What could affect the curve of
displacement vs time?

df  di v * t  / 2 a * t 1 2
What could affect the curve of
displacement vs time?
•Initial displacement?
•Initial velocity?
•Wind resistance?
•Mass?
•Size?

df  di v * t  / 2 a * t 1 2
22. An object shot straight up rises for 7.0 sec before it reaches its
maximum height. A second object falling from rest takes 7 sec to reach
the ground. Compare the displacements of the objects.

(Start Per 7)
23. Describe the changes in the velocity of a ball thrown straight up into
the air. Describe the changes in the acceleration.
24. The value of g on the moon is 1/6 of its value on Earth. Will a ball
dropped by an astronaut hit the surface of the moon with a smaller,
equal, or larger speed than that of a ball dropped the same height on
Earth?
26. One rock is dropped from a cliff, the other thrown upwards from the
top of the cliff. They both land at the bottom of the cliff.
Which has a greater velocity at landing?
Which has a greater acceleration?
Which arrives first?
Given:

A ball, initially at rest, is dropped. Assuming it is

near the surface of the earth, how far does it fall
in 2 seconds? 4? 10? 100?

What is its final velocity?

Given:

A ball, initially at rest, is dropped. Assuming it is

near the surface of the earth, how far does it fall
in 2 seconds? 4? 10? 100?

d = ½ a t^2, where a = 9.8 m/sec^2

What is its final velocity?

Given:

A ball, initially at rest, is dropped. Assuming it is near the surface of the

earth, how far does it fall in 2 seconds? 4? 10? 100?

d = ½ * a * t^2, where a = 9.81 m/sec^2

What is its final velocity?

V = a * t, where a = 9.81 m/sec^2 and t is found

above
A ball falls from rest for a distance of 6m. How
far will it fall in the next 0.1sec?
A ball falls from rest for a distance of 6m. How
far will it fall in the next 0.1sec?

 Find t from d = (1/2)at^2

 Find d from d = (1/2)a(t+0.1)^2
 Displacement, velocity, acceleration, and
time

d  vi * t  / 2 a * t
1 2

df  d vi * t  / 2 a * t 1 2
Optional: Displacement, velocity, and time
df  d 0  v * t
df d0 v t
100 10 1000 ?
100 1000 ? 10
15 ? 100 2
? 12 -3 10
32 1 ? 0.1
50 ? 500 10
? 22 44 6
 Velocity, acceleration, and time

v  v0 _  _ a * tm/sec = m/sec -2 * sec

a  v / t m/sec-2 = m/sec * sec

v v0 a t
200 20 2000 ?
33 330 ? 3
15 ? 100 2
? 12 -3 10
32 1 ? 0.1
50 ? 500 10
? 22 44 6
Displacement, acceleration, and time

d  / 2 a *t
1 2

d a t
? 9.8 1000
100 980 ?
15 ? 100
? 12 3
32 1 ?
50 ? 500
? 22 44
Displacement, acceleration, velocity, and time
df  di v * t  / 2 a * t 1 2

df di v a t
? 10 1000 10 0.1
333 ? 33 3 3
200 20 ? 2 5
444 12 -3 ? 100
980 10 5 0.1 ?
Displacement, acceleration, and velocity

vf2 = vi2 + 2 * a * d

Vf vi a d
100 10 ? 1000
100 20 1000 ?
15 3 ? 100
? 6 12 -3
32 0 1 ?
50 5 ? 500
? 11 22 44
 A stone is dropped from the top of a tall
building. After 3.00 seconds of free-fall, what
is the displacement, d of the stone?

Data
vf n/a
vi 0 m/s
d ?
a=g -9.81 m/s2
t 3.00 s
 Since vi = 0 we will substitute g for a and get:
d = ½ gt2
d = ½ (-9.81 m/s2)(3.00 s)2
d = -44.1 m
 What will the final velocity of the stone be?

Data
vf ?
vi 0 m/s
d -44.1 m
a=g -9.81 m/s2
t 3.00 s
 Again, since vi = 0 we will substitute g for a and
get:
vf = gt
vf = (-9.81 m/s2)(3.00 s)
vf = -29.4 m/s

 Or, we can also solve the problem with:

vf2 = vi2 + 2ad, where vi = 0
vf = [(2(-9.81 m/s2)(44.1 m)]1/2
vf = -29.4 m/s
 How high will the coin go?

Data
vf 0 m/s
vi 5.00 m/s
d ?
a=g -9.81 m/s2
t ?
 Since we know the initial and final velocity as well
as the rate of acceleration we can use:
vf2 = vi2 + 2ad
 Since Δd = Δy we can algebraically rearrange the
terms to solve for Δy.

v 2f  vi2
y
2g
(0m / s)2  (5m / s)2
y  1.28m
2(9.81m / s )
2
 How long will the coin be in the air?

Data
vf 0 m/s
vi 5.00 m/s
d 1.28 m
a=g -9.81 m/s2
t ?
 Since we know the initial and final velocity as
well as the rate of acceleration we can use:
vf = vi + aΔt, where a = g
Solving for t gives us:
vf  vi
t
g
0m / s  5m / s
t 2
 0.510s
9.81m / s
 Since the coin travels both up and down, this
value must be doubled to get a total time of
1.02s
  Straight curve = constant velocity.
 Changing curve = changing velocity
(i.e. acceleration).
Position

Position

Time Time

Constant Velocity Changing Velocity

 Sample Problems

Vf A horse rounds the curve at 11m/s and accelerates

to 17.3m/s. His acceleration is 1.8m/sec^2. How
(m/s) long does it take him to round the curve and what
Vi distance does he travel?

(m/s)
d (m)
a
(m/s^
2)
t(s)
 Sample Problems

Vf A car slows from 15.6m/sec to 0.9m/sec over a

(m/s) distance of 29m. How long does this take and
at what acceleration?
Vi
(m/s)
d (m)
a
(m/s^
2)
t(s)
 Sample Problems

Vf Natara is running a 1km race, and during the

(m/s) second half of the race suddenly increases her
Vi
speed from 9.3m/s to 10.7m/s over a 5.3second
interval. What was her acceleration and how far
(m/s) did she run while accelerating?

d (m)
a
(m/s^
2)
t(s)
 Sample Problems

Vf Alex, while driving through the parking lot,

(m/s) brakes at 3m/sec^2 over a distance of 47m.
What is his final velocity? For how long did he
Vi brake?
(m/s)
d (m)
a
(m/s^
2)
t(s)
 Sample Problems

Vf A train traveling at 5.2m/sec accelerates at

(m/s) 2.3m/sec^2 over a 4.2sec period. What is its
final velocity? How far does it travel while
Vi accelerating?
(m/s)
d (m)
a
(m/s^
2)
t(s)
 Sample Problems

Vf Connor throws a bowling ball out the window of

(m/s) Planet WeirdPicture with a downward velocity of
14.9m/s. The ball falls 32m in 9.3s. What is its
Vi final velocity and the acceleration due to gravity
(m/s) on planet WeirdPicture?

d (m)
a
(m/s^
2)
t(s)
 Sample Problems

Vf
12.9
(m/s)
Vi
(m/s)
d (m) 97
a
(m/s^ 4.8
2)
t(s)
 Sample Problems

Vf
4.8
(m/s)
Vi
(m/s)
d (m)
a
(m/s^ 4.4
2)
t(s) 0.6
 Sample Problems

Vf
4
(m/s)
Vi
(m/s)
d (m) 43
a
(m/s^
2)
t(s) 4.5
 Sample Problems

Vf 17. 15. 10. 12.

4.8 4
(m/s) 3 6 7 9
Vi 14. 5. 14.
11 0.9 9.3
(m/s) 5 2 9
d (m) 29 47 32 97 43 54
a
2. -
(m/s^2 1.8 -3 4.8 4.4
3 4.2
)
4.
t(s) 5.3 9.3 0.6 4.5 7.3
2
 Sample Problems

Vi (m/s) Vf (m/s) a (m/s^2) d (m) t(s)

-4.2 54 7.3
 Positive Acceleration Negative Acceleration

Position

Position
Decreasing
Velocity

Time Time

Position
Position

Increasing
Velocity

Time Time
A. Constant velocity in
the positive direction.
E
B. Decreasing velocity.

Position
C D
B
C. Stationary.
D. Increasing velocity. A

E. Constant velocity in
the positive direction. Time
 Positively sloped curve = movement
in the positive direction.
 Negatively sloped curve =
movement in the negative direction.
Position

Position

Time Time

Positive Direction Negative Direction

 What is the motion described by each curve?
 How does the velocity of each curve compare to
one another?

C
• A is stationary
B is moving at the same

Position
• B
speed as C, but their starting
A
position is different. D
• D is moving slower than
B or C. Time
 1996 Boston Marathon

30

25

20
Postion, miles

Tortoise
15 Hare

10

0
0:00:00 0:28:48 0:57:36 1:26:24 1:55:12 2:24:00 2:52:48
Time, hr:min:sec
What is the runners
velocity at t = 1.5s?

Instantaneous velocity =
slope of line tangent to
curve.
m = rise/run
m = 25m – 5 m
3.75s – 1.0s
m = 7.3 m/s
v = 7.3 m/s @ 1.5s
 Relatively constant
velocity

High acceleration
 Measure the area under the curve.
◦ d = v*t
Where
 t is the x component
 v is the y component

A1 = d1 = ½ v1*t1

A1 A2 A2 = d2 = v2*t2

dtotal = d1 + d2

Time
 A=bxh
A = (7.37)(11.7)
A = 86.2 m
A=½bxh
A = ½ (2.36)(11.7)
A = 13.8 m
A. Positively sloped curve = increasing velocity (Speeding
up).
B. Negatively sloped curve = decreasing velocity (Slowing
down).
C. Horizontally sloped curve = constant velocity.

Time Time Time

Positive Acceleration Negative Acceleration Zero Acceleration

A B C
 If acceleration is considered constant:
a = v/t = (vf – vi)/(tf – ti)
◦ Since ti is normally set to 0, this term can be
eliminated.
◦ Rearranging terms to solve for vf results in:
vf = vi + at

Time

Positive Acceleration
Displacement = area under Displacem ent Under Constant Acceleration

the curve. vf
90

Δd = vit + ½ (vf – vi)*t 80

Simplifying: 70

Δd = ½ (vf + vi)*t
60

If the initial position, di, is not

d = ½ (vf-vi)t
Velocity (m/s)
0, then:
50

df = di + ½ (vf + vi)*t
40

By substituting vf = vi + at
30
vi

df = di + ½ (vi + at + vi)*t
20
d = vit
Simplifying:
10

df = di + vit + ½ at2 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

t
Tim e (s)