Optical Spectra

Zeeman Effect
To account for the Zeeman effect
 The Zeeman effect is the splitting of spectral lines in a strong magnetic
field
 This indicates that the energy of an electron is slightly modified when
the atom is immersed in a magnetic field
 A new quantum number, m ℓ, called the orbital magnetic quantum
number, had to be introduced
m ℓ can vary from - ℓ to + ℓ in integer steps

High resolution spectrometers show that spectral lines are, in fact, two
very closely spaced lines, even in the absence of a magnetic field
 This splitting is called fine structure
 Another quantum number, ms, called the spin magnetic quantum
number, was introduced to explain the fine structure
Zeeman Effect
Nuclear shell model
HFS and isotope shift
 F
1
5/2  B
4
(5/2)A
wj

3/2
3 B
J
2 (3/2)A
IS I 1
1/2 5
 B
4

HFS levels: for Q=0 full lines B>0

broken lines B < 0
3
C C (C  1)  I ( I  1) J ( J  1)
wF  wJ  A B 4
2 2 I ( 2 I  1) J ( 2 J  1)

C  F ( F  1)  I ( I  1)  J ( J  1)
with
F  I  J , I  J  1,...., I  J

 I H (0)
A B  eQ  JJ (0)
IJ
Field isotope shift: n (r ) A

Á
r0

EF   e ( r ) ( r )4r 2dr

0 r
e  charge density
of s electrons at r0
the site of the nucleus
r0
 (r )

 (r )


 
C AÁ 
2k 
 FAÁ   AA   AÁ  F1  r   AÁ  r   E1AÁ  E1AÁ  r 2
AA 2 k

 k 2 C1 
This amounts to a few percent