ALON, KATHERINE G.

ARENAL, RIZ MAE J.

ENCALLADO, JOYCE MARIE L.
MAGTUTO, ANDREA B.
GALICIA, SHANAIA FERIZE G.
OLIVERIA, RICA LEISA M.
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGY

HYDROLOGY (scientific)
- The scientific study of the movement distribution and quality of water
on earth and other planets including the water cycle, water resources
and environmental watershed sustainability.

HYDROLOGY (applied/engineering)
- Evolved as a science in response to the need to understand the
complex water system of the earth and help solve water problems.
- Concerned with the flow and storage of water and focuses on
preventing floods and lessening the effects of floods, droughts and
other natural disasters.
HYDROLOGY | distribution of earth’s water
HYDROLOGY | history
The Romans constructed
numerous aqueducts to
bring water from distant Perault
sources into their cities and Linked rainfall to
towns. Waste water was flow of the river
removed by complex sewage Seine
systems and released into Marriotte Poiseuille
nearby bodies of water. Combined velocity Stokes
Some aqueducts also and river cross Manning
provided water for mining, section to obtain Reynolds
processing, manufacturing, discharge of the Mead
and agriculture. river Seine Meyer
4000 BC 200 AD 1500 1800 1850 1900
Leonardo da Vinci Pitot Hazen
Along the Indus River,
and Bernard Palissy Bernoulli Gumbel
Pakistan, the Tigris
independently Euler Hurst
and Euphrates in
reached an accurate Chezy Meinzer
Mesopotamia, Hwang
representation of Dalton Hubbert
Ho in China, and the
the hydrologic cycle Made progress in Prandtl
Nile in Egypt that the
applications of Chow
first hydraulic
mathematics, fluid Thornthwaite
engineers created
mechanics, Penman
canals, levees, dams,
and hydraulics Horton
subsurface water
Darcy
conduits, and wells
Worked on
groundwater
hydrology
HYDROLOGY | branches

Chemical Eco Surface Drainage Basin

Hydrogeology Hydrometeorology
Hydrology Hydrology Hydrology Management
Study of Study of Study of the Study of the Study of Covers water-
chemical interactions distribution and transfer of water hydrologic storage, in the
characteristics of living movement of and energy processes form of
of water organisms groundwater in between land that operate reservoirs,
and the the soils and and water body at or and flood-
Water Quality hydrologic rocks of the surfaces and the near Earth's protection
Chemistry of cycle Earth’s crust lower surface
water in rivers atmosphere
and lakes,
both of
pollutants and
natural
solutes
APPLICATIONS OF HYDROLOGY:
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

-It is also known as Water Cycle.

-It is constantly being cycled

through the atmosphere, ocean,
river and land.

-The water cycle is crucial to the

existence of life on our planet.
Hydrological cycle is the cyclic movement
of water containing basic continuous
processes like:

-Evaporation
-Transpiration
-Condensation
-Percipitation
HYDROLOGY | definition

hydro.logy
The term hydrology is from Greek: hydōr, "water"; and, logos,
"study".

noun
the science dealing with the occurrence, circulation, distribution, a
nd properties of the waters of the earth and its atmosphere.
HYDROLOGY | Divisions

Hydrology subdivides into:

1.Surface water hydrology
 the sub-field of hydrology concerned with above-earth water, in
contrast to groundwater hydrology that deals with water below
the surface of the Earth.
2. Groundwater hydrology
 Groundwater, water that occurs below the surface of Earth,
where it occupies all or part of the void spaces in soils or
geologic strata.
ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY | definition
 The branch of hydrology which deals with estimation and
analysis of water resources and related hydrologic quantities
FLOODS

DROUGHTS
APPLIED HYDROLOGY | definition

 Applied hydrology is the study of hydrological cycle,

precipitation, runoff, relationship between precipitation and
runoff, hydrographs, Flood Routing
RUNOFF

HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
Need for the Hydrologic Studies

 The need of the hydrologic studies arises from the following

problems:
 Uncertainty of precipitation and it’s seasonal occurrence
 Seasonal flow rivers, and
 Population growth and rising standards of living
 III. IMPACTS of
HYDROLOGY in CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Contents
01 Applications of Engineering Hydrology

02 Hydrological Hazards
• Floods
• Limnic Eruptions
• Tsunami
• Drought
• Acidity Rain
• Snow fall
• Cyclone
Civil Engineering structures
03
HYDROLOGY | applications
Assessing impacts Determining the
of natural and water balance
human induced
environmental for a region
change on water
Designing resources
irrigation
schemes
Designing
drainage
systems Designing
Urban
drinking
water and Determining
sewer agricultural
Assessing water balance
export of systems
sediment & Predicting
nutrients floods
from fields
to water
systems

Designing buffers
APPLICATION OF HYDROLOGY
• Hydrology is used to find out maximum probable flood at proposed
sites e.g. Dams.

• The variation of water production from catchments can be

calculated and described by hydrology.

• Engineering hydrology enables us to find out the relationship

between a catchments’s surface water and groundwater resources

• The expected flood flows over a spillway, at a highway Culvert, or in

an urban storm drainage system can be known by this very subject.
APPLICATION OF HYDROLOGY
• It helps us to know the required reservoir capacity to assure
adequate water for irrigation or municipal water supply in droughts
condition.

• It tells us what hydrologic hardware (e.g. rain gauges, stream

gauges etc) and software (computer models) are needed for real-
time flood forecasting

• Used in connection with design and operations of hydraulic

structure

• Used in prediction of flood over a spillway, at highway culvert or in

urban storm drainage

• Used to assess the reservoir capacity required to assure adequate

water for irrigation or municipal water supply during drought
 APPLICATION OF HYDROLOGY

• Hydrology is an indispensable tool in planning and building hydraulic

structures.

• Hydrology is used for city water supply design which is based on

catchments area, amount of rainfall, dry period, storage capacity, runoff
evaporation and transpiration.

• Dam construction, reservoir capacity, spillway capacity, sizes of water

supply pipelines and affect of afforest on water supply schemes, all are
designed on basis of hydrological equations.
 HYDROLOGICAL HAZARDS
• Sudden and violent changes in the quality,
distribution, or movement patterns of water on Earth
can result in great destruction. Such natural disasters
are called hydrological disasters. There are different
types of hydrological disasters, namely floods, limnic
eruptions, and tsunamis, and etc.
 FLOODS
• A flood refers to an overflow
of water that submerges land
which is usually dry.

• There are various types of

floods classified on the basis
of source of floodwater,
factors triggering the flood,
and the area flooded.

• Several factors can cause

floods like heavy rainfall, dam
breakdown, landslides and
earthquakes that change the
courses of rivers, and
tsunamis.
 Limnic Eruptions
• A very rare event, a limnic eruption
or lake overturn is a hydrological
natural disaster that occurs due to
the eruption of carbon dioxide
present in the deep waters of a lake.

• The sudden release of gas can

generate a massive cloud that
suffocates all forms of life, including
humans. The eruption can also
displace the waters of a lake, giving
rise to tsunamis.

• Lakes, where such eruptions are most

likely to occur, are called exploding
lakes. One of the deadliest limnic
eruptions occurred on August 15,
1984, when Lake Monoun in
Cameroon exploded to release
enough carbon dioxide to kill 37
 Tsunami
• A tsunami is caused by the
displacement of a massive volume of
water in a sea or lake.

• Tsunamis are generated due to a

number of reasons like earthquakes
(resulting in an earthquake tsunami),
volcanic eruptions, the calving of
glaciers, explosions under water, and
landslides

• The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was

one of the deadliest tsunamis ever
recorded. The disaster was triggered by
an earthquake and killed thousands of
people in 14 countries bordering the
Indian Ocean. Additionally, thousands
more went missing and were rendered
homeless.
 Drought
Drought is an extended
period of unusually dry
weather when there is not
enough rain.
 Acid Rain
• Acid rain, or acid deposition, is a
broad term that includes any
form of precipitation that
contains acidic components,
such as sulfuric acid or nitric
acid, according to the
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA).

• The precipitation is not

necessarily wet or liquid; the
definition includes dust, gasses,
rain, snow, fog and hail. The
type of acid rain that contains
water is called wet deposition.
Acid rain formed with dust or
gasses is called dry deposition.
 Snow fall
• A fall of snow,
specifically tha amount
of snow that falls in a
single storm or specific
period.
•
 Cyclone
• A cyclone is a spinning storm
caused by a low-pressure area in the
atmosphere.

• The air in a cyclone turns

counterclockwise in the Northern
Hemisphere and clockwise in the
Southern Hemisphere.
•
• Cyclones are classified according to
their wind speed, ranging from 74
to more than 156 miles per hour.

• Tropical cyclones often cause

environmental changes far beyond
the area where they make landfall
CIVIL ENGINEERING
STRUCTURES
 DAMS
• A barrier constructed to hold
back water and raise its level
forming a reservoir used to
generate electricity or as a
water supply.
• It is a hazard control
structure (flood control
structure)
• To prevent rain water or water
fro m snow melting, from flood
formation.
• •
Hazard for dam
• Suddenly heavy flood that the
efficiency of flood was not
recorded in previous 100 years
• Collection of silt or clay in dam
which reduces its volume to
store water
Damage due to any reason,
damage like cracking or
corrosion of material.
 WEIRS
• A low dam built across the river
to raise the level of water
upstream or regulate its flow.
• Over water in river can
neglect the objectives of weir.
 IRRIGATION CANALS
• Canals are used to deliver the
water of river from one place to
another or from river to
another river.
• Canals are facilities for having
water at another place and they
are used as flood control.
DAMAGES
Blockage which can spreads
canal's water outside the structures
which can cause floods.
 FLOOD WALLS
• It is primarily vertical artificial
barrier designed to temporarily
contain the water of the river

• It is a flood control
structure
 LEVEES
• An embankment built to
prevent the overflow of the
river.
• Due to heavy runoffs in rivers,
breakouts levees.
 BRIDGES
• A structure carrying road, path,
railway, etc across a river,
road ,or other obstacle.
DAMAGES
Due to abetments and pairs of
bridge in river ,water increases its
level and velocity abd tge bed of
the river could be damaged.
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
• IS A CYCLE THAT INVOLVES THE CONTINUOUS CIRCULATION
OF WATER IN THE EARTH ATMOSPHERE SYSTEM.
• MANY PROCESS INVOLVED IN THE CYCLE.
• THE MOST IMPORTANT ARE:
• EVAPORATION
• TRANSPIRATION
• CONDENSATION
• PRECIPITATION
• RUNOFF
 EVAPORATION

• IS THE FIRST PROCESS IN THE CYCLE

• IS THE TRANSFER OF WATER FROM THE SURFACE OF
THE EARTH TO THE ATMOSPHERE.
• BY THIS PROCESS WATER IN LIQUID STATE IS
TRANSFERRED TO THE GASEOUS, OR VAPOUR, STATE.
TRANSPIRATION

• IS THE EVAPORATION OF WATER THROUGH MINUTE PORES,

OR STOMATA IN THE LIVES OF THE PLANT.
• IN BOTANY, A PLANT’S LOSS OF WATER, MAINLY
THROUGH THE STOMATES OF LEAVES. STOMATES
CONSIST OF TWO GUARD CELLS THAT FORM A SMALL
PORE ON THE SURFACES OF LEAVES.

• PRACTICAL PURPOSES, TRANSPIRATION AND THE

EVAPORATION FROM ALL WATER, SOILS, SNOW, ICE,
VEGETATION, AND OTHER SURFACES ARE LUMPED
TOGETHER AND CALLED EVAPOTRANSPIRATION.
 CONDENSATION

• TRANSITION PROCESS FROM THE

VAPOUR STATE TO THE LIQUID
STATE.
• TAKE PLACE AS SOON AS THE AIR
CONTAINS MORE WATER VAPOUR
THAN IT CAN RECEIVE FROM A FREE
WATER SURFACE THROUGH
EVAPORATION AT THE PREVAILING
TEMPERATURE.
• DEPOSITION OF A LIQUID OR A
SOLID FROM ITS VAPOUR,
GENERALLY UPON A SUFRACE THAT
IS COOLER THAN THE ADJACENT
GAS.
 PRECIPITATION
• ALL LIQUIDS AND SOLID WATER PARTICLES THAT
FALL FROM CLOUDS AND REACH THE GROUNDS.
• BY CONDENSATION, WATER VAPOUR IN THE
ATMOSPHERE IS RELEASED.

• THAT FALLS TO THE EARTH IS DISTRIBUTED IN

FOUR MAIN WAYS: SOME IS RETURNED TO THE
ATMOSPHERE BY EVAPORATION, SOME MAY BE
INTERCEPTED BY VEGETATION AND THEN
EVAPORATED FROM THE SURFACE OF LEAVES,
SOME PERCOLATES INTO THE SOIL BY
INFLITRATION, AND THE REMAINDER FLOWS
DIRECTLY AS A SURFACE RUNOFF INTO THE
SEA.
 RUNOFF

• IN HYDROLOGY, QUANTITY OF WATER DISCHARGED IN SURFACE

STREAMS.
• INCLUDES NOT ONLY THE WATERS THAT TRAVEL OVER THE LAND
SURFACE AND THROUGH CHANNELS TO REACH A STREAM BUT ALSO
INTERFLOW, THE WATER THAT INFILTRATES THE SOIL SURFACE AND
TRAVELS BY MEANS OF GRAVITY TOWARD A STREAM CHANNEL.
• INCLUDES GROUNDWATER THAT IS DISCHARGED INTO A STREAM;
STREAMFLOW THAT IS COMPOSED ENTIRELY OF GROUNDWATER IS
TERMED BASE FLOW, OR FAIR-WEATHER RUNOFF, AND IT OCCURS
WHERE A STREAM CHANNEL INTERSECTS THE WATER TABLE.
PRECIPITATION
ALON, KATHERINE G.
CE 410 – CE42FA2
 DEFINITION

IS ANY PRODUCT OF THE CONDENSATION OF ATMOSPHERIC

WATER VAPOR THAT FALLS UNDER GRAVITY.
IS A MAJOR COMPONENT OF WATER CYCLE.
FLOODS AND DROUGHTS ARE RELATED TO PRECIPITATION
 Condensation

Evaporation Precipitation

Earth’s Surface
 FORMS OF PRECIPITATION

• DRIZZLE IS A LIGHT LIQUID PRECIPITATION CONSISTING OF LIQUID WATER DROPS SMALLER THAN THOSE OF RAIN –
GENERALLY SMALLER THAN 0.5 MM (0.02 IN) IN DIAMETER.
• RAIN IS LIQUID WATER IN THE FORM OF DROPLETS THAT HAVE CONDENSED FROM ATMOSPHERIC WATER
VAPOR AND THEN BECOME HEAVY ENOUGH TO FALL UNDER GRAVITY. RAIN IS A MAJOR COMPONENT OF THE WATER
CYCLE AND IS RESPONSIBLE FOR DEPOSITING MOST OF THE FRESH WATER ON THE EARTH.
• SLEET IS A FORM OF PRECIPITATION CONSISTING OF ICE PELLETS, OFTEN MIXED WITH RAIN OR SNOW.
• GRAUPEL IS ALSO CALLED SOFT HAIL OR SNOW PELLETS, IS PRECIPITATION THAT FORMS WHEN SUPERCOOLED
WATER DROPLETS ARE COLLECTED AND FREEZE ON FALLING SNOWFLAKES, FORMING 2–5 MM (0.08–0.20 IN) BALLS
OF RIME.
• SNOW A PRECIPITATION IN THE FORM OF ICE CRYSTALS
• HAIL A SOLID PRECIPITATION WHICH CONSISTS OF BALLS OR IRREGULAR LUMPS OF ICE. USUALLY BETWEEN 5-15MM
(0.2 – 6IN)
Snow Hail
Drizzle Rainfall
How precipitation works?
 TYPES OF RAINFALL

CONVECTIVE
PRECIPITATION

IT RESULTS FROM HEATING OF

EARTH’S SURFACE THAT CAUSE AIR
TO RISE RAPIDLY. AS THE AIR RISES
IT COOLS AND MOISTURE
CONDENSES INTO CLOUDS AND
PRECIPITATION.
CYCLONIC PRECIPITATION
(FRONTAL)

WHEN TWO AIR MASSES DUE

TO CONTRASTING
TEMPERATURES AND
DENSITIES CLASH WITH EACH
OTHER ,CONDENSATION AND
PRECIPITATION OCCUR AT THE
SURFACE OF CONTACT.
Orographic Precipitation

When heavily moisture laden

air stops due to topographic
conditions (mountains) and
precipitation occurs on the
windward side of the
mountain while leeward side
receives very little just like in
Himalayan region.