For decades, man has known the importance of

communication. Today, with various means by which one

can communicate, it has become much easier to
communicate a message to the other party, than it was
several decades ago. Every organization, no matter what
their expertise and where they are situated, and what
scale they operate, realize and value the importance of
good communication.
 This communication for organizations takes
place both within the organization as well as
with other stakeholders outside. Therefore, it is
vital for any organization to understand the
communication models out there, so they can
use them for enhancing effective
communication in the organization.
MEANING:
 Communication, comes from the Latin
communis, "common."
 When we communicate, we are trying to
establish a "commonness" with someone. That
is, we are trying to share information, an idea or
an attitude.
 “ Imparting, conveying or the exchanging of ideas,
thoughts, knowledge among individuals through the
medium of a sign of some kind”.
 “ Anything that conveys meaning, that carries a message
from one person to another; from student to teacher,
from student to student, from teachers to student, from
administrator to teacher and so on”.
 “ It is process by which two or more people
exchange their ideas, facts, feelings or
impressions in ways that each gains a ‘common
understanding’ of meaning, intent & use of a
message”.

Effective communication requires knowledge

of the symbol, the cues, stimuli to which other
person will react.
 Oral or written.
 Sign/ signal.
 Action.
 Objective.
 Awareness of information.
 Action information.
 Continuing information.
 Updating information.
 Source.
 Message.
 Channel or a transmitter.
 Receiver.
 Source is a person or an individual who
wishes to affect the behaviour of the other
individual by originating or perceiving an idea
or purposes, which he wants to communicate
in order to produce a particular response.
 The message is some desired behaviour in
physical form, it is the translation of the ideas,
the purposes and the intention of the source
into code. A sign is a strong determiner of
behaviour.
 Natural sign: a part of larger thing or event or
condition signified by it.
E.g.- Blood on surgical dressing is a sign of
haemorrhage.
 Non-natural sign: which symbolized something
is designated.
E.g.- Body cast signifies some physical health
problem.
 Iconic sign: a sign is like the thing it signifies.
E.g.- photos.
 Digital sign: independent of their physical
parameters for their meaning.
E.g.- pattern, size or stimulus intensity.
Message comprises three
components:

 Message code.

 Message content.

 Message treatment.
 Channel is a media which is selected to
convey the message to the receiver from the
sender.
 Receiver is the person who receives the
information or message from the sender.
 One-way communication.

 Two-way communication.

 Serial communication.

 Interpersonal communication.

 Mechanical communication.

 Physiological communication.
 Psychic communication.
 Verbal communication.
 Non-verbal communication.
 Formal communication.
 Informal communication.
 Communication should have convictions.
 Communication should be appropriate to situation.
 Communication should have objectives and
purpose.
 Communication should promote total achievement
of purpose.
 Communication should represent the
personality & individuality of the
communicator.
 Communication should seek attention.
 Credibility is very important in
communication.
 Personal barriers.

 Physical impediments.

 Psychological factors.

 Mechanical factors.

 Educational difference.
 Organizational barriers.

 Rumours.

 Large institutions.

 Pathological barriers.
 Models:
“A three-dimensional representation of a
person or thing or of a proposed structure,
typically on a smaller scale than the original”.

“A thing used as an example to follow or

imitate”.
 Models of communication:
“ Models of communication are conceptual
models used to explain the human
communication process”.

The first major model for communication was

developed in 1948.
 Shannon's Model.
 Berlo's Model.
 Schramm's Model.
 Linear Model.
 Interactive Model.
 Transactional Model.
 One of the earliest models of communication
that introduced was Claude Shannon's model in
1948.
 This laid the foundation for the different
communication models and has greatly helped
and enhanced the communication process in
various fields.
 In Shannon's model, the information source
typically refers to a person, who then sends a
message with the use of a transmitter.
 This transmitter could be any instrument today,
from phones to computers and other devices.
The signals that are sent and received can be
vary depending on the method of
communication.
 The box at the bottom called NOISE refers to
any signals that may interfere with the message
being carried. This again would depend on the
method of communication.
 The receiver is the instrument or the person on
the other side that receives the. This model is the
simplest models to understand the workings of
the communication process.
 In this model, Berlo stresses on the relationship
between the person sending the message and the
receiver.
 According to this model, for the message to be
properly encoded and decoded, the communication
skills of both the source and the receiver should be
at best. The communication will be at its best only if
the two points are skilled.
 Berlo's model has four main components and
each component has its own sub components
describing the assisting factors for each.
 Schramm on the other hand, emphasized in 1954
that both the sender and the receiver take turns
playing the role of the encoder and the decoder
when it comes to communication.
 The following diagram illustrates the model
proposed by Schramm.
 It is a one way model to communicate with others. It
consists of the sender encoding a message and
channeling it to the receiver in the presence of noise.
Draw backs - the linear model assumes that there is a
clear cut beginning and end to communication. It also
displays no feedback from the receiver. For example; a
letter, email, text message, lecture.
 It is two linear models stacked on top of each
other. The sender channels a message to the
receiver and the receiver then becomes the
sender and channels a message to the original
sender. This model has added feedback,
indicates that communication is not a one way
but a two way process.
 It assumes that people are connected through
communication; they engage in transaction. Firstly,
it recognizes that each of us is a sender, receiver,
not merely a sender or a receiver. Secondly, it
recognizes that communication affects all parties
involved. So communication is fluid/simultaneous.
 The transactional model also contains ellipses that
symbolize the communication environment (how
you interpret the data that you are given). Where
the ellipses meet is the most effect communication
area because both communicators share the same
meaning of the message. For example -
talking/listening to friends.
 You need to keep in mind that these complexities
that accompany the communication models may
only make understanding the communication much
harder.
 It is best that both parties, the source (sender) and
the receiver, are clear about what they would like to
discuss. This is also known as the context of the
message.
 This would make it much easier to decode what
the other party is saying without too much
trouble. The process of communication, if kept
simple and to the point, should not usually have
too many issues, and the message will be easily
understood by both parties.
THANK
YOU...