Human Anatomy

I Nyoman Mangku Karmaya

 What is Anatomy
• Derived from the Greek ἀνατέμνω anatemnō "I cut up,
cut open" from ἀνά ana "up", and τέμνω temnō "I cut”
• Anatomy is the study of the structure and its relation of
living organisms.
• Is a subdiscipline of biology
• Catagorized into
– Gross anatomy
– Microscopic anatomy
– Embryology
– Surface anatomy
– Clinical anatomy
 Goal
• Providing comprehensive knowledge of the
gross and microscopic structure and
development of human anatomy to provide a
basic understanding for the clinical correlation
of organs and structures involved and for the
anatomical basis for the disease presentation
 Why Study Anatomy
• Gives us a better understanding of the
structures of the body and how they
work.
• Teach us how to live in Harmony: Each
system depends on the others, either
directly or indirectly, to keep the body
functioning normally.
 How to Study
• Studying anatomy involves lots of memorization. For
instance, the human body contains 206 bones and over 600
muscles. Learning these structures requires time, effort,
and good memorization skills.

• Know the Language

• Use Anatomy Study Aids

• Review, Review, Review

 Our Body Mysteries
• From 1 cell (zygote) to 75 trillion of cells
• Cells divide and differentiate
• The organs occupy its own position
• The certain shape and size of organs
• Each organ / system to make contact
• Integral function
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AFigure
cell 47.8x Cleavage
divided intoinbillion
a frog embryo
of cells

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 Ovum + Spermatozoa

Zygote

tissue tissue tissue tissue tissue tissue

Organ Organ Organ Organ Organ Organ

Sistem Sistem Sistem

B O D Y
 Four types of tissues
• Epithelial tissue covers exposed surfaces and
lines body cavities.
• Connective tissue protects, supports, and
interconnects body parts and organ
• Muscle tissue (Skeletal muscle, Smooth
muscle, Cardiac muscle)
• Nervous tissue conducts impulses for internal
communication.
• Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Our body systems

Integumentary
• Provides protection
– Regulates body
temperature
– Site of cutaneous
receptors
– Synthesizes vitamin D
– Prevents water loss

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 Skeletal

• Provides support and

protection
– Site of hematopoeisis
(blood cell production)
– Stores calcium and
phosphorus
– Allows for body
movement

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Muscular

• Produces body
movement
– Generates heat when
muscles contract

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direction
of the
fibers
Nervous

• A regulatory system
that controls body
movement
– Responds to sensory
stimuli
– Helps control all other
systems of the body
– Also responsible for
consciousness,
intelligence, memory

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Endocrine

• Consists of glands and

cell clusters that
secrete hormones,
some of which
regulate
• body and cellular
growth
• chemical levels in the
body
• reproductive functions

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Cardiovascular

– Consists of a pump
(the heart) that moves
blood through blood
vessels in order to
distribute hormones,
nutrients, gases, and
pick up waste products

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Lymphatic

• Transports and filters

lymph (interstitial
fluid)
– Initiates an immune
response when
necessary

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Respiratory

• Responsible for
exchange of gases
(oxygen and carbon
dioxide) between
blood and the air in
the lungs

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Digestive

• Mechanically and
chemically digests
food materials
– Absorbs nutrients
– Expels waste products

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Urinary

• Filters the blood and

removes waste
products from the
blood
– Concentrates waste
products in the form of
urine, and expels urine
from the body

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 Male Reproductive
System

• Produces male
sex cells (sperm)
and male
hormones (e.g.,
testosterone)
– Transfers sperm
to the female

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 Female Reproductive
System

– Produces female sex cells

(oocytes) and female hormones
(e.g., estrogen and
progesterone)
– Receives sperm from male
– Site of fertilization of oocyte
– Site of growth and
development of embryo and
fetus

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Anatomy
Position
•Standing up
•The limb by
the side of the
body
•Erect
•Face, palm n
foot facing fw
•Thumb
pointing away
from the body
 Anatomical
Terminology
• Anatomic position is a specific
body position in which an
individual stands upright with
the feet parallel and flat on
the floor.
• The head is level, and the
eyes look forward toward the
observer.
• The arms are at either side of
the body with the palms
facing forward and the
thumbs pointing away from
the body.

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 Anatomical Terminology
• A plane is an imaginary surface that slices the
body into specific sections.
• The three major anatomic planes of reference
are the coronal, transverse, and sagittal
planes.

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 Sections
and Planes

A coronal plane, also

called a frontal plane, is
a vertical plane that
divides the body into
anterior (front) and
posterior (back) parts.

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 Sections
and Planes
• A transverse plane, also
called a cross-sectional
plane or horizontal plane,
cuts perpendicularly along
the long axis of the body
or organ separating it into
both superior (upper) and
inferior (lower) parts.

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 Sections
and Planes
• A sagittal plane or
median plane,
extends through the
body or organ
vertically and divides
the structure into
right and left halves.

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 Sections and Planes
• A sagittal plane in the body midline is a midsagital
plane.
• A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane, but
either to the left or the right of it it, is termed a
parasagital (or sagital) plane.
• A minor plane, called theoblique plane, passes
through the specimen at an angle.

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Lines
 Directional Terms of the Body
• Directional terms are precise and brief, and for
most of them there is a correlative term that
means just the opposite.

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 Relative and Directional Terms of
the Body
• Relative to front (belly side)
or back (back side) of the
body :
– Anterior = In front of; toward
the front surface
– Posterior = In back of; toward
the back surface
– Dorsal =At the back side of
the human body
– Ventral = At the belly side of
the human body

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Relative and Directional Terms of
the Body
• Relative to the head
or tail of the body:
– Superior = Toward the head
or above
– Inferior = Toward feet not
head
– Caudal = At the rear or tail
end
– Cranial = At the head end

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Relative and Directional Terms of
the Body
• Relative to the midline or
center of the body:
– Medial = Toward the
midline of the body
– Lateral = Away from the
midline of the body
– Deep = On the inside,
underneath another
structure
– Superficial = On the
outside

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Relative and Directional Terms of
the Body
• Relative to point of
attachment of the
appendage:
– Proximal = Closest to
point of attachment to
trunk
– Distal = Furthest from
point of attachment to
trunk

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 Other terms

• ipsi/homolateral vs contralateral
• superficial vs deep
• internal vs external
 Body Regions
• The human body is partitioned into two main
regions, called the axial and appendicular
regions.
– the axial region includes the head, neck, and
trunk which comprise the main vertical axis of our
body
– our limbs, or appendages, attach to the body’s
axis and make up the appendicular region

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 Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

Tampak depan Tampak belakang

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 Body Cavities
and Membranes

• The posterior aspect of

the body has two
enclosed cavities
– A cranial cavity is formed
by the cranium and
houses the brain.
– A vertebral canal is
formed by the individual
bones of the vertebral
column and contains the
spinal cord.

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 Body Cavities
• Both the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are
lined with thin serous membranes, which are
composed of two layers:
– A parietal layer lines the internal surface of the body wall.
– A visceral layer covers the external surface of organs
(viscera) within the cavity.
– Between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous
membrane is a thin serous cavity, containing a lubricating
film of serous fluid.

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 Body Cavities and Membranes
• Constant movement of the organs causes
friction.
• The serous fluid reduces friction and helps the
organs move smoothly against both one
another and the body wall.

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 Body Cavities and Membranes

• The median space in

the thoracic cavity is
called the
mediastinum.
• It contains the heart,
thymus, esophagus,
trachea, and major
blood vessels that
connect to the
heart.

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 Body Cavities and Membranes

– Within the mediastinum, the heart is enclosed by a two-

layered serous membrane called the pericardium.
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Insert Fig 1.9d

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 The Thoracic Cavity
• The right and left sides of the thoracic cavity
contain the lungs; they are lined by a two-
layered serous membrane called the pleura.
– The outer layer is the parietal pleura; it lines the internal
surface of the thoracic wall
– The inner layer is the visceral pleura; it covers the external
surface of the lung
– The narrow, moist, potential space between them is called
the pleural cavity

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 Abdominopelvic Cavity

• The abdominopelvic cavity consists of an

abdominal cavity and a pelvic cavity.

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 The Abdominopelvic Cavity

• The peritoneum is a
moist, two-layered Insert figure
serous membrane 1.9d
.
that lines the
abdominopelvic
cavity.

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 Abdominopelvic Regions

• The abdominopelvic
cavity is partitioned
into 9 smaller,
imaginary
compartments.

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Terimakasih