Title

The Skeletal
System
Types of Skeletal System

1. Endoskeleton: Skeleton made from

hard, mineralized structures
located in soft tissues.
2. Hydrostatic Skeleton: Skeleton
with a fluid-filled cavity.
3. Exoskeleton: External skeleton
that supports and protects animal’s
body
Human Skeleton

 The human skeleton has

approximately 206 bones.
 Babies have around 300 bones.
 The Human Skeleton has the
following functions:
1. Support the body
2. Store minerals and lipids
3. Produce blood cells
4. Protect internal organs
5. Allow for movement
Main organization of Human Skeleton

Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton

Label the Skeleton
The Skeletal System

 The skeletal system

includes:
 Cartilages

 Bones

 Joints

 Ligaments

 Other connective
tissues
Cartilage

 Hyaline cartilage – (glassy)

 Most abundant cartilage
 Provides support through flexibility
 Articular cartilages and costal
cartilage, larynx, trachea, and
nose

 Elastic cartilage – contains many elastic

fibers
 Able to tolerate repeated bending
 Ear and epiglottis

 Fibrocartilage – resists strong compression

and strong tension
 Intervertebral discs and pubic
symphysis
Classification of Bones

 The bones of the human skeleton are

classified by their shape:
1. Long bones (e.g., humerus,
femur)
2. Short bones (e.g., carpals,
tarsals)
3. Flat bones (e.g., cranium
bones, scapula, sternum)
4. Irregular bones (e.g.,
vertebrae, hip bones,
patella)
https://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=vDjW00S29l0
Long Bones

 Long bones are longer than they

are wide and have a shaft and two
ends.
Long Bones

 The diaphysis, or central shaft,

contains bone marrow in a
marrow cavity.
 The rounded ends,
the epiphyses, are covered with
articular cartilage and are filled
with red bone marrow, which
produces blood cells
 Periosteum is a dense irregular
connective tissue covering the
bone’s surface.
 anchoring points for tendons and
ligaments
 nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic
vessels
Bone Tissue

 Bones are considered organs

because they contain various types
of tissue, such as blood, connective
tissue, nerves, and bone tissue.
 Osteocytes, the living cells of bone
tissue, formed in the mineral
matrix of bones.
 There are two types of bone tissue:
compact (dense outer layer) and
spongy (cancellous bone filled with
bone marrow).
Compact Bone Tissue

 Compact bone forms the hard

external layer of all bones and
surrounds the bone marrow.
 Osteons are cylindrical structures
that contain a mineral matrix and
living osteocytes connected by blood
vessels.
 Each osteon consists of lamellae,
which are layers of compact matrix
that surround a central canal called
the Haversian canal.
 The Haversian canal (osteonic canal)
contains the bone’s blood vessels and
nerve fibers.
Spongy Bone Tissue

 Spongy bone or cancellous bone

forms the inner layer of all bones.
 Spongy bone tissue consists
of trabeculae, which are lamellae
that are arranged as rods or plates.
Red bone marrow is found between
the trabeculae.
 The red bone marrow forms blood
cells.
 Red blood cells (approx.
200,000,000,000/day)
 White blood cells (approx.
10,000,000,000/day)
 Platelets (approx.
400,000,000,000/day)
Cell types in Bones

 Bone consists of four types of cells:

 Osteogenic cells are stem cells that
develop into osteoblasts. These cells are
located deep in layers of the periosteum
and the marrow.
 Osteoblasts are bone cells that are
responsible for bone formation.
Osteoblasts become trapped in these
secretions and differentiate into less
active osteocytes.
 Osteocytes are mature bone cells and are
the main cells in bony connective tissue.
Osteocytes maintain normal bone tissue.
 Osteoclasts remove bone structure by
releasing lysosomal enzymes .
Development of Bone

 Ossification, or osteogenesis, is
the process of bone formation by
osteoblasts.
 Ossification begins approximately
six weeks after fertilization in an
embryo.
 The development of bone from
fibrous membranes is called
intramembranous ossification.
 Development from hyaline
cartilage is called endochondral
ossification.
Bone Remodeling

 Bone renewal continues after birth into

adulthood.
 Bone remodeling is the replacement of
old bone tissue by new bone tissue. It
involves the processes of bone deposition
by osteoblasts and bone resorption by
osteoclasts. Normal bone growth requires
vitamins D, C, and A, plus minerals such
as calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium.
 Hormones such as parathyroid hormone,
growth hormone, and calcitonin are also
required for proper bone growth and
maintenance.
 Bone remodeling allows bones to adapt to
stresses by becoming thicker and stronger
when subjected to stress.
Joint Classification

Structural Functional
 Fibrous  Synarthrosis (immovable joint
connected by fibrous tissue)
 Cartilaginous
 Amphiarthrosis (type of
 Synovial
continuous, slightly movable joint.)
 Diarthrosis (a freely movable
joints)
1. Fibrous Joints

 The bones of fibrous joints are

held together by fibrous
connective tissue:
1. Sutures
2. Syndesmoses
3. Gomphoses
 Most fibrous joints do not move at
all, or are only capable of minor
movements.
Fibrous Joints- Sutures

 Sutures are found only in the skull

and possess short fibers of
connective tissue that hold the
skull bones tightly in place.
Fibrous Joints- Syndesmoses

 Syndesmoses are joints in which

the bones are connected by
connective tissue, allowing for
more movement than in a suture.
Fibrous Joints- Gomphoses

 Gomphoses occur between teeth

and their sockets.
 The tooth is connected to the
socket by a connective tissue
referred to as the periodontal
ligament.
2. Cartilaginous Joints

 Cartilaginous joints are joints in

which the bones are connected by
cartilage.
1. Synchondroses
2. symphyses.
Cartilaginous Joints - synchondroses

 In a synchondrosis, the bones are

joined by hyaline cartilage.
 Synchondroses are found in the
epiphyseal plates of growing bones
in children.
Cartilaginous Joints - symphyses

 In symphyses, hyaline cartilage

covers the end of the bone but the
connection between bones occurs
through fibrocartilage.
 Symphyses are found at the joints
between vertebrae. Either type of
cartilaginous joint allows for very
little movement.
Synovial Joints

 Synovial joints are the only joints

that have a space between the
adjoining bones.
 This space is referred to as the
synovial (or joint) cavity and is filled
with synovial fluid.
 Synovial fluid lubricates the joint,
reducing friction between the bones
and allowing for greater movement.
 The ends of the bones are covered
with articular cartilage, a hyaline
cartilage, and the entire joint is
surrounded by an articular capsule
composed of connective tissue that
allows movement of the joint while
resisting dislocation.
Types of Synovial Joints

1. Gliding (plane joint, e.g. vertebra–

vertebra)
2. Hinge (e.g. knee)
3. Pivot (e.g. atlas–axis)
4. Ellipsoidal (condyloid plant, e.g.
metacarparals to phalanges)
5. Saddle (e.g., thumb)
6. Ball-and-Socket (e.g. hip, shoulder)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0cYal_hitz4&feature=youtu.be
Plane Joints

 Plane joints have bones with

articulating surfaces that are flat
or slightly curved faces.
 These joints allow for gliding
movements. and so the joints are
sometimes referred to as gliding
joints.
Hinge Joints

 In hinge joints, the slightly

rounded end of one bone fits into
the slightly hollow end of the other
bone.
Pivot Joints

 Pivot joints consist of the rounded

end of one bone fitting into a ring
formed by the other bone. This
structure allows rotational
movement, as the rounded bone
moves around its own axis.
Condyloid Joints

 Condyloid joints consist of an

oval-shaped end of one bone fitting
into a similarly oval-shaped hollow
of another bone.
Saddle Joints

 Saddle joints are so named

because the ends of each bone
resemble a saddle.
 Saddle joints allow angular
movements similar to condyloid
joints but with a greater range of
motion.
Ball-and-Socket Joints

 Ball-and-socket joints possess a

rounded, ball-like end of one bone
fitting into a cuplike socket of
another bone.
 This organization allows the
greatest range of motion.