Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Road Const Methods
Road Const Methods
CONSTRUCTION
METHODS
Presented by:
Engr. Joel T. Surot (OIC-Engineer IV, PCD)
Bureau of Construction
INTRODUCTION
Road Definition
Road Classifications
Road Components
Definition
According to Usage
According to National Importance
According to its Surface Course
According to Traffic Volume
Types of Road According to Usage
1. National Road
a. Primary National Road - is the main highway trunk line
system that is continuous in extent that goes from province
to province and region to region.
b. Secondary National Road - it connects a provincial road or
national road to a public wharf or railway station.
2. Provincial Road - it connects two municipalities or cities within
a province.
3. City Road - it a street within the urban area of the city.
4. Municipal Road - it is a street within the poblacion area of a
municipality.
5. Barangay Road - it is a street located outside the poblacion
area of a municipality or urban area of a city and those outside
industrial, commercial areas or residential subdivisions.
Types of Road According to National Importance
Earth Road
Gravel Road
Asphalt Road
Concrete Road
Earth Road…..
Embankment
Sub grade
Aggregate Sub-base Course
Aggregate Base Course
•
Surface Course
Sub-grade - is the upper layer of natural soil which may be the
undisturbed local materials, or soil excavated elsewhere placed as fill.
• In either case, it is compacted during construction for road stability.
• Aggregate Sub-base and Base Courses - are individual stabilizing
layers of selected material and designed thickness placed on top of
the subgrade to distribute the load transmitted from the surface
course.
• Surface Course - is the uppermost structural component of the
roadway, which provides resistance to wear and shearing stress due
to traffic load.
• It also provides an even skid resistance surface with comfortable
durability and is appropriately crowned to prevent rain water from
penetrating into the sub grade.
• Shoulders - are located beside the carriage way which is the total
width available for passing vehicles, and is used to receive lateral
clearance to protect major structures on the roadside, to secure
safety and comfort of both motorists and pedestrians and for
emergency stopping purposes.
Drainage structures
Slope protection/retaining structures
Miscellaneous structures
• Drainage Structures - are located beneath or alongside the
roadway used in collecting, transporting and disposing of
surface water originating in or near the road right-of-way.
• Types of Drainage - can be lateral drainage such as a U-shaped,
V-shaped lined canal (side ditch) or perforated drain canal.
• It can also be transverse or cross drainage such as a box culvert
or a pipe culvert.
• Slope Protection Structures - are constructed along the side of
the roadway to stabilize the slopes.
• Retaining Walls - are constructed along the side of the roadway
if there are space constrictions.
• Erosion and sediment controls are constructed to prevent
detrimental effects.
PREPARATORY WORK
Original Plans
As-Stake Plans
As-Built Plans
Temporary Facilities and Equipment
Client's Side :
Facilities for the Engineer
Office, Quarters and Laboratory for the
Engineer
Vehicle for the Engineer
Assistance to the Engineer
Progress Photographs
Temporary Facilities and Equipment
Contractor’s Side :
Office
Equipment Yard
Fabrication Area/Shop
Workmen’s Quarters
Storage/Warehouse
Contractor’s Equipment Yard
Road Construction are classified into
five (5) parts, namely:
PART I Earthwork
1. Existing Pavements
2. Existing Drainage Structures
3. Underground Waterline
4. Electrical Post and Lines
5. Cable and Telephone Lines
6. Residential Houses & Buildings
Equipment Requirements
- Backhoe
- Dump Truck
- Minor Tools
Construction Procedures
1. Common Excavation
2. Unsuitable Excavation
3. Rock Excavation
4. Unclassified Excavation
5. Surplus Excavation
Equipment Requirements
- Bulldozer
- Backhoe
- Dump Truck
- Loader
- Drilling Machine
- Blasting Equipment and Accessories
Construction Procedures
• Bulldozer
• Backhoe
• Dump Truck
• Loader
Construction Procedures
• Grader, 150 HP
• Road Roller, 10 T Vibratory or Tandem
• Water Truck, 500-1000 galloons
• Grader, 150 HP
• Road Roller, 10 T Vibratory or Tandem
• Water Truck, 500 – 1,000 galloons
Construction Procedures
1. Subgrade in Common Excavation :
a. Roadbed shall be cleared of unstable materials.
b.Compaction shall be done by rolling using vibratory
road roller or tandem roller.
c.Conduct one group of three in-situ density test for
each 500 square meter or fraction thereof of compacted
layer.
-if it fails to meet the minimum 95 percent density,
additional rolling is needed to obtained the required density.
d.The succeeding structural layers should proceed
immediately after preparation of the subgrade.
PART II
SUBBASE AND BASE
COURSE
SUBBASE AND BASE COURSE
Item 200 Aggregate Sub base Course
Item 201 Aggregate Base Course
Item 200-Aggregate Sub base Course
General
Range of Temperature:
Temperature Range = 32*C (min.) to 68*C
(max.)
Equipment Requirements
• Self-powered pressure bituminous
material distributor
• Power broom or other mechanical
sweeping equipment
• Bituminous heating equipment
• Pressure distributor
• Water sprinkler
• Armored Thermometer
Construction Procedures
1. Prior to the application of the prime coat, check
the base if it conforms with the required
specifications.
Range of Temperature:
Temperature Range = 10*C (min.) to 71*C
(max.)
Equipment Requirements
• Self-powered pressure bituminous material
distributor including the following
accessories:
Tachometer
Pressure gauges
Calibrated tank
• Power broom or other mechanical sweeping
equipment
• Bituminous heating equipment
• Water Sprinkler
• Armored Thermometer
Construction Procedures
1. Prior to the application of the bituminous
tack coat, The Project Engineer should
designate the beginning and ending
points of the area to be covered.
2. The surface shall be slightly
sprayed/sprinkled with water but not
saturated.
3. The rate of application shall be within the
range of 0.20 to 0.70 liters per square
meters. The atmospheric temperature
shall be above 15.56*C.
Construction Procedures
4. After application of tack coat, the
surface should be allowed to cure
without being disturbed.
5. Ensure that the traffic should not be
allowed on the tack coat.
Item 310
Bituminous Concrete Surface Course,
Hot Laid
General
One of the two basic types of pavement
is the “flexible pavement” which is made of
compacted mass of mineral aggregate
mixed with asphalt laid at a high
temperature of about 135*C to 148.89*C.
Aggregates account for 92% to 95% of the
weight of the mixture while asphalt
accounts for 5% to 8% of the weight of the
mix. The exact percentage to be used is
established by the “job-mix formula”.
General
Bitumen is the essential ingredient in
practically all flexible pavements.
Bitumen - it is a black or brownish-black
amorphous solid which is hard
or even brittle when cold.
- when heated, it gradually softens
and then liquefies without any
definite melting point.
Material Requirements
Composition and Quality of Bituminous
Mixture (Job-Mix Formula)
Job-Mix Formula:
1. Aggregate
2. Mineral Filler
3. Hydrated Lime
4. Bituminous Material
Note: At least 3 weeks prior to production,
the contractor shall submit in writing a job-
mix formula for each mixture.
Equipment Requirements
• Asphalt Paver (80 Hp)
• Pneumatic Tire Roller (10 m.t.)
• Water Truck (1000 gal.)
• Power Broom
• Tandem Roller
• Thermometer
Construction Procedures
1. Before placing the bituminous
mixture, the existing surface shall be
cleaned of loose deleterious
materials.
2. The Hot - Mix Asphalt (HMA) shall be
spread and distribute to the grade and
elevation in accordance with the
approved plans by means of an
Asphalt Paver over the entire width or
partial width of the paving surface.
Construction Procedures
3. The longitudinal joint in one (1) layer
shall be offset that in the layer
immediately below approximately 15
cm.
4. The joint in the top layer shall be at
the center line of the pavement if the
roadway comprises of 2 lanes.
5. Mechanical spreading shall be used on
areas with irregularities or
unavoidable obstacles.
Construction Procedures
6. Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) shall be
placed at a temperature not less than
107*C.
7. After the HMA has been spread, it
shall be compacted by rollers.
8. Rolling shall begin at the sides and
proceeds longitudinally parallel
toward the road center line.
9. Each trip overlapping ½ the roller
width, gradually progressing to the
crown of the road.
Construction Procedures
10. For paving in abutting a previously
placed lane, the longitudinal joint shall
be rolled first followed by the regular
rolling procedure.
11. For super-elevated curves, the rolling
shall begin at the low side and
progresses to the high side overlapping
of longitudinal trips parallel to the
center line.
12. Rollers shall move at a slow but uniform
speed with the drive roll or wheels
nearest the paver.
Construction Procedures
13. Rolling shall be continued until roller
marks are eliminated.
14. Transverse joints shall be formed by
cutting back on the previous run to
expose the full depth of the course
(HMA).
15. Brush coat of bituminous material
shall be used on contact surfaces of
transverse joints before additional
mixture is placed against the
previously roll material.
Construction Procedures
16. Each sample of at least 150mm x
150mm or 100 mm diameter full
depth shall be neatly cut by saw or
core drill.
17. At least one (1), but not more than 3
samples shall be taken for each full
day’s operation.
18. No acceptance and final payment shall
be made on completed asphalt
pavement unless core test for
thickness determination is conducted.
Construction Procedures
19. If the deficiency in the core thickness
is more than 5 mm, additional asphalt
overlay thickness shall be permitted
to meet the desired thickness but it
shall not be less than 50 mm.
20. Completed asphalt pavement shall
have thickness tolerance of -5mm.
This drawing shows the methodology of constructing a multi
layered asphalt concrete pavement includes the following:
application of prime coat, application of binder course,
application of tack coat and the application of wearing course
Spreading Of Asphaltic Material
Manual Spreading
Breakdown Rolling
Finishing Compaction
Completed Asphalt Pavement
Asphalt Concrete Overlay on PCCP
9. Concrete Curing :
• Curing is necessary for the hydration to
take place
Construction Procedures
10. Curing Method :
a. Earth or straw
Construction Procedures
b. Burlap or cotton mats
• Spread over the surface
• Mats are sprinkled and kept constantly wet
c. Waterproof paper or polytelene sheets
• May be placed over the surface to retain
moisture
d. Curing Compound
• Popular method
• Involves the spray application of light –
colored fluid to the entire area of the wet
concrete
Construction Procedures
11. Removal of Forms:
a. Crowbars are used in the removal of
steel forms
2. Contraction Joint :
• Contraction Joint is also called as
Weakened Plane Joint
• If Contraction Joint or Weakened Plane
Joint (WPJ) is not installed, random
cracking will occur
Types Of Pccp Joints
3. Longitudinal Joint :
• If the lanes are concreted separately,
a longitudinal construction joint in
the form of a key and keyway is used.
• Deformed Tie Bars are placed
perpendicular to this joint.
Types Of Pccp Joints
4. Expansion Joint :
• Expansion Joint is usually from 19 to
25 mm wide and extend the full depth
of the slab.
• Dowel Bars is used in expansion joint
Types Of Re-bars Used In Pccp
1. Dowels :
• Dowels are “plain round steel bars”
generally coated with a thin file of
bitumen to protect them against
corrosion and to facilitate sliding in
concrete.
Types Of Re-bars Used In Pccp
2. Tie Bars :
• Tie Bars are deformed bars used in
construction joints and longitudinal
joints together with keys to tie two
slabs together.
• Its installation must be midway in
the slab
Being the uppermost component of the roadway, it should provide
long lasting, smooth, clean surface and should spread the load
sufficiently so that the base material can support them
It protects the base against damage by traffic and weather.
General
TYPES OF PAVEMENT
1. Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
(PCCP) – Rigid Pavement
2. Asphalt Concrete Pavement (ACP) –
Flexible Pavement
General
RIGID PAVEMENT
Transport of concrete
(from slipform paver)
IV.Concrete Paving Activities (PCCP)
Placing of Concrete
IV.Concrete Paving Activities (PCCP)
Deteriorated PCCP
XI. Portland Cement Concrete Pavement Widening
PCCP Widening
Thermometer
XIII.Surface Texturing (PCCP)
B. Grouted Riprap
1. Grouted Riprap requires the use of grout to
fill up the interstices of the boulders both of
which are put together to form a monolithic
armor and obtain a strong but rigid slope
protection structure.
General
2. Dressing :
Stones should be dressed to remove any thin
or weak portions.
Types of Stone Masonry
3. Finish for expose faces :
Face stones should be pitched to the line
along the beds and joints. The maximum
projection of rock faces beyond the pitch lines
should not be more than 50 mm.
Equipment Requirements
• One Bagger Mixer
• Water Truck (1000 gal.)
• Backhoe Wheel Type (0.28 cu.m.)
• Minor Tools
Material Requirements
Please refer to Section 506.2, Material
Requirements of DPWH Standard
Specifications for Highways, Bridges and
Airports, Volume II, 2013 Edition.
Construction Procedures
1. Excavate the trench to the required depth
and/or at the stable foundation of the stone
masonry structure.
2. Pour concrete mortar on the trench before
laying the first layer of stones/boulders for the
foundation.
3. Moisten the surface of the stones before the
stone is bedded to prevent the stone from
absorbing moisture from the mortar and
thereby causing the mortar to shrink and
become non-plastic.
Construction Procedures
4. Place the larger stones in the foundation to
give the greatest strength and lessen the
danger of unequal settlement.
5. Alternately lay the stones/boulders and fill
all voids and interstices of the
stones/boulders with concrete mortar for the
succeeding layers.
6. Lay the stones/boulders upon its broadest
face, so that the spaces between the stones
may be filled most easily.
Construction Procedures
7. Install the weep holes (usually, PVC – 2
inches in diameter, staggered 1.0 m. on
center) provided with filter cloth and
granular materials.
8. Seat the stones/boulders to the required
thickness and that all stones/boulders are
placed firmly;
Construction Procedures
9. Flush with mortar all joints between
stones/boulders so that the individual stones
laid are parallel to the faces of the wall in
which the stones are set.
10.Backfill the stone masonry when the mortar
has gained sufficient strength.
Stone Masonry Specifications
Boulders - thickness of not less than 150 mm, and
widths of not less than one and one-half times
their respective thickness, and lengths of not less
than one and one-half times their respective
widths.
The bed that will receive the stone should be clean and
moistened before the mortar is spread.
Use of Batterboards Essential to Produce Good Workmanship
• Concrete Vibrator
• One Bagger Mixer
• Water Truck (1,000 galloon), All Make
• Minor Tools
Material Requirements
1. Asphalt Sidewalk
2. Concrete Sidewalk
• Concrete Vibrator
• Concrete Mixer
• Concrete Paver
• Minor Tools
Material Requirements
• Stake truck
• Minor tools
Material Requirements
• Chain Link
• Metal Beam Rail
Construction Procedures
A. Regulatory Sign :
B. Warning Sign:
C. Informatory Sign :
• Cargo Truck
• Minor Tools
P
Are traffic signs installed along the roadway for the following
purposes :
For traffic safety
To remind particular traffic rules
To inform drivers how to use the roadway
Item 606 - Pavement Markings
General
• Cargo Trucks
• Applicator Machine
• Kneading Machine
• Traffic Safety Devices
• Minor Tools
Construction Procedures