Mobile Crowdsensing Techniques for

The Internet of Things

Name: Surya Dhanraj
Course: Mtech (Information Technology)
Roll: 1832009
Sem: 2nd

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

National Institute of Technology, Patna
Table of Contents:
• What is Internet of things?
• Mobile crowdsensing
• Difference between mobile crowdsensing and crowdsourcing
• Mobile Personal Devices
• Nature of sensing
• Working of mcs
• Architecture of mcs
• Application domain
• Challenges
• Potential research area
• References
Source:
Liu, Jinwei, Haiying Shen, Husnu S. Narman, Wingyan Chung, and
Zongfang Lin. "A survey of mobile crowdsensing techniques: A critical
component for the internet of things." ACM Transactions on Cyber-
Physical Systems 2, no. 3 (2018): 18.
What is Internet of Things ?
IOT is a platform where regular devices are connected to the internet
so that they can interact, collaborate, and exchange data with
each other.
Building block of IOT

 Mobile crowdsensing serves as a critical building block for emerging

Internet of Things (IoT) applications.

 MCS creates a new way of perceiving the world to greatly extend the
service of IoT and explore a new generation of
intelligent networks, interconnecting things with things,
things with people, and people with people.

 Mobile CrowdSensing (MCS) presents a new sensing paradigm based

on the power of mobile devices.
 MOBILE CROWDSENSING(MCS)
Mobile Crowdsensing (MCS) refers to the wide variety of sensing
devices by which individuals collectively share data and extract
information to measure and map phenomena of common interest.

Ref:Merlino, Giovanni, Stamatis Arkoulis, Salvatore Distefano, Chrysa Papagianni, Antonio Puliafito, and Symeon
Papavassiliou. "Mobile crowdsensing as a service: a platform for applications on top of sensing clouds." Future
Generation Computer Systems 56 (2016): 623-639.
A general crowdsensing model
 Deployed on contributing nodes, such as mobile personal devices that
can be used to sense the physical environment and provide sensor
data to a mobile application server.

 Require large number of participants (individuals) to sense the

surrounding environment using devices with built-in sensors.

 Empowers ordinary citizens to contribute data sensed or generated

from their mobile devices, aggregates and fuses the data in the cloud
for crowd intelligence extraction and people-centric service delivery.

 MCS includes both mobile crowd sensing and mobile crowdsourcing.

 A general crowdsensing model

Ref:[4] Peng, Dan, Fan Wu, and Guihai Chen. "Pay as how well you do: A quality based incentive mechanism for
crowdsensing." In Proceedings of the 16th ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and
Computing, pp. 177-186. ACM, 2015.
 Difference between mobile crowdsensing and
crowdsourcing

Mobile crowdsensing Mobile crowdsourcing

• Makes use of mobile sensors • Crowdsourcing focuses on the

• Collect data from a crowd of different participation of online crowds.
sources. • Users are required to complete a task
• Allows large scale, cost effective (provide feedback) from online
sensing of the physical world. community
• Less human participation • Used to manage the entire mobile
sensing ecosystem.
• More human participation
 What are Mobile Personal Devices?

• variety of sensing, computing and communication facilities.

 Nature of Sensing
• Based on the type of phenomena being monitored sensing application
is divided into –

Personal Sensing Community Sensing

• Phenomena is pertaining to an • Pertains to the monitoring of large-scale

individual phenomena
• For example: the monitoring of • Cannot be easily measured by a single
movement patterns individual.
• e.g. running, walking, exercising of • For example: intelligent transportation
an individual for personal record- systems
keeping or healthcare reasons
Nature of Sensing: Community sensing

Community sensing is also popularly called participatory sensing or

opportunistic sensing .

Participatory Sensing Opportunistic Sensing

• active involvement of individuals • more autonomous

to contribute sensor data • user involvement is minimal
• e.g. taking a picture, reporting a • e.g. continuous location sampling without
road closure related to a large- the explicit action from the user
scale phenomena
 Working of mcs
 large quantity of participants to sense the environment using sensing
devices.
 load balancing is done
 assign tasks to reliable participants
 effectively gather the required data from participants, process and
manage the data according to the purpose dynamically improve itself for
the next crowdsending events by self-learning mechanism
Working of mcs

Ref: [16] He, Daojing, Sammy Chan, and Mohsen Guizani. "User privacy and data trustworthiness
in mobile crowd sensing." IEEE Wireless Communications 22, no. 1 (2015): 28-34.
Advantage of Crowdsensing

 large amounts of data

 provide fine-grained monitoring of interested parameters without
setting up the sensing infrastructure
Architecture of MCS

Ref: Guo, Bin, Zhu Wang, Zhiwen Yu, Yu Wang, Neil Y. Yen, Runhe Huang, and Xingshe Zhou. "Mobile crowd sensing and computing: The review of
an emerging human-powered sensing paradigm." ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 48, no. 1 (2015): 7.
MCS Functionality
Basic MCS functionality includes following steps:
 crowd sensing
 data transmission
 data collection
 crowd data processing
 applications
MCS Functionality: Crowd sensing
 first layer - physical layer.
 everyday devices connect themselves to large networks.
 Two data types generated :
mobile sensing data
mobile social network data
 large-scale, raw data sensed shipped to the backend server
 high-level intelligence extraction.
 Access control -where users can decide to whom his/her data can
be shared.
MCS Functionality: Data Transmission
 Several mobile networking and communication techniques :
1) ad hoc (does not rely on a pre-existing infrastructure, such as routers in
wired networks or access points in managed (infrastructure) wireless
networks)
2) opportunistic networks (e.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi)
3) infrastructure based networks (e.g., 3G, cellular).

 data uploading transparent to the participant

 tolerant of inevitable network interruptions
MCS Functionality: Data Collection
 gathers data from selected sensor nodes
 provides privacy-preserving mechanisms for data contributors.

How data are collected ?

 manually collected
attention-consuming and inefficient.
 partially controlled by the user
collected opportunistically
when the user opens some applications.
 triggered by predefined contexts
a particular location or time slot.
MCS Functionality: Crowd data processing
 applies diverse machine learning and logic-based inference
techniques
 transform the collected low-level, single-modality sensing data into the
expected intelligence.
 focus - mine the frequent data patterns
derive the three dimensions of crowd intelligence
MCS Functionality: Data Preprocessing
Deduplication
• eliminating redundant data in the data collection phase
• reduce resource cost
• improve application QoS.
From the perspective of the phase at which deduplication occurs,
data deduplication approaches can be categorized as-
MCS Functionality: Data processing

How deduplication is done?

 data are usually partitioned into chunks

 unique chunks of data are identified and stored.
 Other chunks are compared to the stored chunks
 redundant chunks are replaced with a small reference that points to the
stored chunk.
 Only the unique chunks and the references are stored and uploaded.
Thus the size of the uploaded data is reduced, and bandwidth
consumption will be reduced.
MCS Functionality: Applications Domain
 This layer includes a variety of potential applications and services
enabled by MCS.
 Associated functions include data visualization and user interface
 Area where mcs application are used –
Natural Environment Monitoring
Traffic Information Collection and Management
Urban Dynamics Sensing
Location Services
Healthcare
Public Safety
Challenges in MCS
 Resource Limitations
 continuously generate huge amounts of data (raw sensor data)
 consumes large amounts of resources (e.g., bandwidth, energy, etc.)
 limited resources of sensing device
 Data Redundancy-collect similar kinds of data from related sensors.
 Data transfer issue - Due to limited resources, it is a challenge to
transfer a huge amount of crowdsensed data.
 Privacy issue – sensitive data posses potential threat.
 Automated Configuration of Sensors - connection and configuration a
key challenge
Potential Research Work

 Privacy Protection
 Injecting Knowledge into Big Data
 Intelligent Data Processing
References
[1] Liu, Jinwei, Haiying Shen, Husnu S. Narman, Wingyan Chung, and Zongfang Lin. "A survey
of mobile crowdsensing techniques: A critical component for the internet of things." ACM
Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems 2, no. 3 (2018): 18.
[2] Ganti, Raghu K., Fan Ye, and Hui Lei. "Mobile crowdsensing: current state and future
challenges." IEEE Communications Magazine 49, no. 11 (2011): 32-39.
[3] Guo, Bin, Zhu Wang, Zhiwen Yu, Yu Wang, Neil Y. Yen, Runhe Huang, and Xingshe Zhou.
"Mobile crowd sensing and computing: The review of an emerging human-powered sensing
paradigm." ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 48, no. 1 (2015): 7.
[4] Peng, Dan, Fan Wu, and Guihai Chen. "Pay as how well you do: A quality based incentive
mechanism for crowdsensing." In Proceedings of the 16th ACM International Symposium on
Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing, pp. 177-186. ACM, 2015.
[5] Guo, Bin, Zhiwen Yu, Xingshe Zhou, and Daqing Zhang. "From participatory sensing to mobile
crowd sensing." In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and
Communication Workshops (PERCOM WORKSHOPS), pp. 593-598. IEEE, 2014.
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[7] Zhang, Xinglin, Zheng Yang, Wei Sun, Yunhao Liu, Shaohua Tang, Kai Xing, and Xufei Mao.
"Incentives for mobile crowd sensing: A survey." IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials18, no.
1 (2016): 54-67.
References
[8] Whitmore, Andrew, Anurag Agarwal, and Li Da Xu. "The Internet of Things—A survey of
topics and trends." Information Systems Frontiers 17, no. 2 (2015): 261-274.
[9] Wang, Leye, Daqing Zhang, Yasha Wang, Chao Chen, Xiao Han, and Abdallah M'hamed.
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[11] Liu, Jinwei, Haiying Shen, Husnu S. Narman, Wingyan Chung, and Zongfang Lin. "A
survey of mobile crowdsensing techniques: A critical component for the internet of
things." ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems 2, no. 3 (2018): 18.
[12] Khan, Wazir Zada, Yang Xiang, Mohammed Y. Aalsalem, and Quratulain Arshad. "Mobile
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References
[14] Abualsaud, Khalid, Tarek M. Elfouly, Tamer Khattab, Elias Yaacoub, Loay Sabry Ismail,
Mohamed Hossam Ahmed, and Mohsen Guizani. "A Survey on Mobile Crowd-Sensing and Its
Applications in the IoT Era." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 3855-3881.
[15] Merlino, Giovanni, Stamatis Arkoulis, Salvatore Distefano, Chrysa Papagianni, Antonio
Puliafito, and Symeon Papavassiliou. "Mobile crowdsensing as a service: a platform for
applications on top of sensing clouds." Future Generation Computer Systems 56 (2016): 623-
639.
[16] He, Daojing, Sammy Chan, and Mohsen Guizani. "User privacy and data trustworthiness
in mobile crowd sensing." IEEE Wireless Communications 22, no. 1 (2015): 28-34.