Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bilingual Theory
Bilingual Theory
Bilingual Theory
Cummins’ Approaches
Goals
L1 Surface Features
L2 Surface Features
Surface Level
VS
Second Threshold
Less Balanced Bilinguals
First Threshold
Limited Bilinguals
L1 L2
Thresholds Theory
• Balanced Bilinguals
• Age-appropriate competence in both languages
• Positive cognitive advantages
• Less Balanced Bilinguals
• Age-appropriate competence in one language
• Unlikely positive or negative advantages
• Limited Biinguals
• Low levels of competence in both languages
• Likely negative cognitive consequences
What are cognitive
consequences
• Coping with curriculum materials
• Processing information
• Deductive reasoning
• Metalinguistic awareness (analysis of
linguistic knowledge and control of
linguistic processing)
Problems with theory
Knowledge Pronunciation
Comprehension Vocabulary
Application Grammar
Surface
Analysis Semantic Meaning
Synthesis
Evaluation Functional Meaning
Cognitive/Academic Proficiency
Limitations
• Different dimensions to language
• Moving from one dimension requires evolving,
dynamic, interacting and intricate, not a
dichotomy
• Lack of empirical support, difficult to
operationalize
• Terms BICS and CALP may oversimplify
• Relationship between language development
and cognitive development is not simple.
Other factors affect them.
BICS/CALP
Quadrant Quadrant
1 2
Context Embedded
Context Reduced
Communication
Communication
Quadrant Quadrant
3 4
BICS CALP
Curriculum Relevance I
Page 156
Curriculum Relevance II
Page 157
Curriculum Relevance III
• Page 158