SURFACE PRODUCTION

OPERATION
Basic principles- Educative guide

Universidad Industrial de Santander

Kathleen Hooker Naranjo

Kathlyn García Echenique
 1.Reynols number

2.Bernoulli Theorem.

3.Darcy´s equation.

CONTENTS
4.Moody friction factor.

5.Liquid Flows equations.

6.Head los in valves and pipe fitting.

 Reynolds Number
It can be expressed by the following general
equation:
The Reynolds number can be expressed in more
convenient terms.

• For liquids

• For gas

Re<2000 : Laminar Flow

2000<Re<4000: Transition zone
Re> 4000: Turbulent Flow
2. Bernoulli Theorem

𝟏𝟒𝟒𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝒁𝟏 + + = 𝒁𝟐 + + + 𝑯𝑳
𝝆𝟏 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝟐 𝟐𝒈

𝑍 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑, 𝑓𝑡
Conditions
𝑃 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑝𝑠𝑖
1. No energy is added to the system.
𝑝 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑙𝑏ൗ 3
𝑓𝑡
2. The energy at point two es equal to
the energy at point one minus the lost 𝑓𝑡
𝑉 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, ൗ𝑠𝑒𝑐
friction and height change. 𝑔 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝐻𝐿 = 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝑓
 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝒁𝟏 + + = 𝒁𝟐 + + + 𝑯𝑳
𝝆𝟏 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝟐 𝟐𝒈

The energy of a fluid can by expressed in terms of the potencial energy at a given height in
a column of fluid. This energy is broken down like this:

1. The equivalent height do to the elevation above and arbitrary datum of zero potencial energy.
2. A pressure head due to the potential energy contained in the pressure in the fluid at the point.
3. A velocity head due to the kinetic energy contained within the fluid.
 3. DARCY EQUATION

𝒇𝑳𝑽𝟐
𝑯𝑳 =
𝑫𝟐𝒈
where
L= length of pipe, ft
D = pipe diameter, ft
f = factor of proportionality.

• This equation shows the lost of friction load inside a completely filled circular tube.

• The darcy equation shows the proportionality between the loss of friction load in a tube and the
velocity head
• Further states that the tube length and diameter of this are inversely proportional
 4. MOODY FRICTION FACTORY

In general, the friction factor is a function of the

Reynolds number, Re and the relative roughness of the
pipe, £/D.
For Laminar flow, f is a function of only the Re:

𝟔𝟒
𝒇=
𝑹𝒆

For turbulent flow, f is a function of both pipe roughness

and the Reynolds number. At high values of Re, f is a
function only of £/D.
 5. FLUID FLOW EQUATION
LIQUID FLOW
𝒇𝑳𝑸𝟐 (𝑺. 𝑮)
∆𝑷 = (𝟏𝟏, 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 )
𝒅𝟓
where
AP = pressure drop, psi
f = Moody friction factor
L = length of pipe, ft
Q = liquid flow rate, bpd
S.G. = specific gravity of liquid relative to water
d = pipe ID, in

It is based on an assumed friction factor relationship, which can be adjusted to

some extent for liquid viscosity.
 In an effort to void an iterative calculation, several empirical formulas have been
developed. The most common of these is the Hazen-Williams formula, which can
be expressed as follows:

𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏,𝟖𝟓 𝟒,𝟖𝟕 𝟏,𝟖𝟓

𝑯𝑳 = 𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟖( ൗ𝑪) (𝒈𝒑𝒎Τ𝒅 ) 𝑳

Where:
HL = head loss due to
friction, ft
L = length, ft
C = friction factor constant.
d = pipe ID, in.
gpm = liquid flow rate,
gallons/minute
Ql = liquid flow rate, bpd
• This equation is based on water flowing under turbulent
conditions with a viscosity of 1.13 centipoise, which is
the case for water at 60°F.
• Since water viscosity varies appreciably from 32°F to
212°F, the friction factor can decrease or increase as
much as 40% between the two temperature extremes
 HEAD LOSS IN VALVES AND PIPE FITTING

The three most common ways to handle these additional pressure drops are
through the use of coefficients of resistance, coefficients of flow and equivalent
lengths.

Resistance coefficient K is
proportional coefficient between
pressure drop and square velocity of
fluid flowing through valves and
fittings like an elbow, bend, reducer,
tee, pipe entrance, and pipe exit.
 The equivalent length of a valve or
fitting is the length of an equivalent section
of pipe of the same diameter that gives the
same head loss.

Equivalent lengths that are usually

published in tables are for turbulent flow. The
following equation is used when the flow is
laminar, that is, the Reynolds number is less
than 1,000:
 bibliography

Taken from:
• (CHAPTER 8 - SURFACE PRODUCTIONS OPERATIONS)
• http://fluidflowinfo.com/
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/fluid-
flow

• https://www.nuclear-power.net/nuclear-
engineering/fluid-dynamics/reynolds-number/