HOMEOSTASIS

Rizka Apriani Putri, M.Sc

JURDIK BIOLOGI ,
FMIPA UNY
rizka_apriani@uny.ac.id
Homeostasis
Claude Bernard (1880’s)
‘constancy of the internal environment’

Walter B. Cannon (1929)

Regulation of a
‘relatively constant internal environment’
TheWhat is homeostasis?
body uses so much energy, even during sleep, because it
must maintain a constant internal environment.

This process of keeping things in constant condition is

called homeostasis.
A series of automatic control systems ensures that
the body maintains a constant temperature, and
steady levels of water, ions and blood sugar etc.
Integration
between
systems of the
body
Homeostasis
Summary
 Physiological control systems keep regulated
variables within a desired range during homeostasis
 Normal Ranges for Some Blood Values

Arterial pH 7.35-7.45
Bicarbonate 24-28 mEq/L
Sodium 135-145 mEq/L
Calcium 4.5-5.5 mEq/L
Oxygen content 17.2-22 ml/100ml
Urea 12-35 mg/100 ml
Amino acids 3.3-5.1 mg/100ml
Protein 6.5-8 g/100ml
Total lipids 400-800 mg/100ml
Glucose 75-110 mg/100ml
 Variable to
Control

Sensor
Effector Receptor

Integrating
Center
Regulatory Mechanism
▪ Negative feedback  the most common
mechanism used inside the body to
maintain homeostasis
Positive feedback ?
 used only in certain mechanism, e.g :
childbirth, bloodclotting
Internal Dynamic Regulation

▪ Temperature  Thermoregulation
▪ Osmotic Pressure  Osmoregulation including : water balance,
sodium, potassium, calsium, phosphate etc
▪ Glucose, Protein, Amino Acid
▪ Blood pH
THERMOREGULATION
 Environmental temperature is constantly
Why control temperature?
changing. One minute it can be very hot, the next
very cold.

Despite this, the body must be kept at a

constant temperature of 37 °C.

This is the optimum temperature for the

body’s enzymes.

Even slight changes in body temperature can have a life-

threatening effect on health. If body temperature falls too low,
reactions become too slow for cells to survive: too high, and the
body’s enzymes are at risk of denaturing.
 The vital organs located deep within the body, such as the heart, liver and
What is core body temperature?
kidneys, are maintained at 37 °C. This is the core body temperature.

Skin temperature at the body's

extremities, such as the fingers and
toes, is usually lower than the core
body temperature.

On a warm day, skin temperature may be just 1 °C lower than the

core body temperature, but on a very cold day it could be up to 9 °C
lower.
Body temperature is monitored and controlled by temperature
How in
receptors is the
temperature controlled?
skin and brain.
hypothalamus
These receptors detect changes in
the temperature of blood flowing
through those areas.

The thermoregulatory centre in the brain is

called the hypothalamus.

If body temperature deviates from 37 °C, the hypothalamus and

skin receptors send out electrical signals that trigger actions or
behaviours that increase or decrease heat loss.
Mechanisms for thermoregulation
• Insulation
- Fur
- Hair
- Feathers
- Fat
- Blubber
• Evaporative cooling
- sweating, panting, bathing
• Shivering
• Nonshivering thermogenesis & brown fat
• Circulation adaptations
- Countercurrent exchange
- Vasodilatation (cooling)
- Vasoconstriction (heat conservation)
• Behavioral responses
When core body temperature
Vasoconstriction falls, blood
and warming up vessels in the skin get
narrower. This is called vasoconstriction.

Vasoconstriction is caused by contraction of the muscular

wall of the blood vessels.

This reduces the volume of blood flowing near the skin surface, and
reduces the amount of heat lost from the body.
Vasodilation and cooling down
Why do people turn red when they are hot?

When core body temperature rises, blood vessels in the skin get wider. This is
called vasodilation.

Vasodilation allows a larger volume of blood to flow near the skin surface,
transferring heat to the environment. This cools the body down.

Additional cooling occurs with the

production of sweat from sweat
glands.

As the sweat evaporates it

transfers heat away from the body.
Regulating
Body Temp in
Humans
 Set-points can be modified
e.g. thermostat in brain
hypothalamus (integrator)
Increase in set-point for core
body temperature during fever

e.g. acclimatization to
environmental temperature,
altitude (increase red blood
cells)
e.g. circadian rhythms
BLOOD GLUCOSE
REGULATION
Homeostatic control of blood sugar
(glucose)