RETICULUM

ENDOPLASMICUM

Nur Anisah
Bagian Histologi dan Biologi Sel
Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Gadjah Mada

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 1 Nucleus
2 Nuclear pore
3 Rough endoplasmic
reticulum (rER)
4 Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum (sER)
5 Ribosome on the rough ER
6 Proteins that are
transported
7 Transport vesicle
8 Golgi apparatus
9 Cis face of the Golgi
apparatus
10 Trans face of the Golgi
apparatus
11 Cisternae of the Golgi
apparatus

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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  The proteins found in the nucleus,
mitochondria, chloroplasts, cytoplasm,
and peroxisomes are all synthesized on
free ribosomes in the cytoplasm and not
on the RER.

 They form polyribosomes which are

attached to one another when they are
reading the same messenger RNA.

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 Nucleus, nuclear membrane continuous with endoplasmic
reticulum, ribosomes on ER, golgi budding off vesicles
to outside
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 An extensive network of membranes in the cell that
extends from the cell membrane through
the cytoplasm to the nuclear envelope.
The membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
surround an inner cavity called the lumen
and enclose a series of tubes and flattened
membranous areas.
The ER membranes actually attach to the cell
membrane and the outer membrane
of the nuclear envelope as well as
the Golgi apparatus in the cytoplasm.
The endoplasmic reticulum often makes up
more than 10 percent of a cell's total
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  The Cytoplasm: The Factory Floor
 The real work of the cell occurs in the
cytoplasm, the cell's "factory floor."
 The term "cytoplasm" refers to everything
between the cell membrane and the nuclear
membrane.
 It consists mostly of:
- water,
- salts,
- some proteins, and
- many small structures called organelles
(or little organs).
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  These structures perform several
different functions for the cell which
generally fall under the categories of
production, maintenance, and energy
transformation.
 This tour of the cell includes several
stops on the "factory floor." Let's start
with the production team.

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 The endoplasmic reticulum
is like a factory conveyor
belt.

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 The steps involved in building a protein.

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  The Endoplasmic Reticulum
 In a factory, the assembly of parts takes place on the
factory floor.
 The highly skilled craftspeople who assemble these
components sit hour after hour at their stations,
plugging away at their work.
 These workers are highly compensated because
they can read plans and use that information to
make different kinds of products.
 Each one of them has his or her own work platform,
surrounded by tools.
 These workers do not create the product designs;
rather, they read the plans sent from the executive
department.

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 • The cell has its own
assembly line and
workers. Within the
cytoplasm is a series of
large, flattened
membranes that fold
back and forth on each
other and have a very
large surface area. This
collection of membranes
is called the
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM, or ER.

The smooth ER helps transport

materials within the cell.

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  There are two types of ER.
1. Rough ER has large numbers of ribosomes attached to it
and is where new proteins are assembled
in the cell (see protein translation).

2. Proteins made on the rough ER's

ribosomes end up in other organelles or are
sent out of the cell to function
elsewhere in the body.
A few examples of proteins that leave the cell
(called secreted proteins) are antibodies, insulin,
digestive enzymes, and many hormones.
(Proteins made on free-floating ribosomes,
by contrast, stay in the cytosol.)

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  The ER stretches from the nuclear
membrane to the plasma membrane.
 It serves as a pathway through the
cytoplasm, as a support structure for the
attachment of other organelles, and as a
workstation for the ribosomes.
 The ER can be divided into two parts: the
rough ER and the smooth ER.
 The rough ER has ribosomes attached to it
and provides a surface along which the
process of protein assembly can occur.

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  The smooth ER does not have ribosomes
and is much more tubular in appearance.
 In some human cells, the smooth ER
produces steroids; in others it regulates
calcium levels.
 In a process that scientists still don't
understand, the rough ER manufactures
the membranes of the smooth ER.

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  Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is
more tubular.
 It is the site of lipid synthesis and
enzymes in the SER of the liver modify or
detoxify hydrophobic chemicals such as
pesticides and carcinogens.
 The cells in the testes or ovaries that
make the sex hormones have highly
developed SER, otherwise cells have only
enough SER to meet their needs for lipid
synthesis.

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 • Smooth ER has no ribosomes associated
with it and has a very different function:

 It specializes in synthesizing lipids

and also contains enzymes that
break down harmful substances.
 Most cell types have very little smooth
ER,
 Some cells, such as those in the liver,
which are responsible for neutralizing
toxins – contain lots of it.

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  The Ribosomes
 Ribosomes, the
workers that build
proteins, are
manufactured by the
nucleolus. They
consist of two
separate subunits: a
large, lower subunit
and a small, upper Ribosomes manufacture proteins.

subunit. Ribosomes
attach to the rough
ER . Now let's take a
look at how final
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 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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  Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Endoplasmic Reticulum is a network of tubes or
membranes that carries materials through the cell. It is
found in both plant and animal cells.

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 Figure 12-31. The rough ER. Electron micrograph of
the rough ER, which receives its name from
the many ribosomes on its cytosolic surface.
(Courtesy of L. Orci.)

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 Figure 12-32. Polyribosomes. Thin-section electron micrograph of
polyribosomes attached to the
ER membrane. The plane of section in some places cuts through the
ER roughly parallel to the
membrane, giving a face-on view of the rosettelike pattern of the
polyribosomes. (Courtesy of
George Palade.)
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 Figure 12-33. Free and
membrane-bound ribosomes.
- A common pool of ribosomes
is used to synthesize both the
proteins that stay in the cytosol
and those that are transported
into the ER.
- It is the ER signal peptide on a
newly formed polypeptide chain
that directs the engaged
ribosome to the ER membrane.
The mRNA molecule may
remain permanently bound to
the ER as part of a
polyribosome, while the
ribosomes that move along it are
recycled; at the end of each
round of protein synthesis, the
ribosomal subunits are released
and rejoin the common pool in
the cytosol.
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 Figure 12-34. Abundant smooth ER in a steroid-hormone-
secreting cell. This electron micrograph is of a testosterone-
secreting Leydig cell in the human testis

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 Figure 12-35. Three-dimensional reconstruction of a region of the smooth
and rough ER in a liver cell.
The rough ER forms oriented stacks of flattened cisternae, each having a
luminal space 20
to 30 nm wide. The smooth ER membrane is connected to these cisternae
and forms a fine
network of tubules 30 to 60 nm in diameter. (After R.V. Krsti• Ultrastructure
of the Mammalian
Cell. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1979.)
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 NOTES:

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  We now know that the hypothesis is correct in outline but
that additional components besides those shown in this
figure are required.
 The signal peptidase, for example, is a complex of five
different membrane-bound polypeptide chains, with one
complex apparently associated with every translocation
pore.

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  Figure 12-38. The original signal hypothesis. A simplified
view of protein translocation across the
 ER membrane, as originally proposed. When the signal
peptide emerges from the ribosome, it
 directs the ribosome to a receptor protein on the ER
membrane. As it is synthesized, the polypeptide is
postulated to be translocated across the ER membrane
through a protein pore
 associated with the receptor. The signal peptide is clipped off
during translation by a signal
 peptidase, and the mature protein is released into the lumen
of the ER immediately after being
 synthesized.

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 elongated complex containing six protein subunits and one RNA
molecule (SRP RNA). One end
of the SRP binds to an ER signal peptide on a growing polypeptide
chain, while the other end
binds to the ribosome itself and stops translation. The RNA in the
particle may mediate an
interaction with ribosomal RNA. (Adapted from V. Siegel and P.
Walter, Nature 320:82-84, 1986.)
Figure

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 Figure 12-37. The isolation procedure used to purify rough and
smooth microsomes from the ER.
When sedimented to equilibrium through a gradient of sucrose, the
two types of microsomes
separate from each other on the basis of their different densities.
Figure

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 Maturnuwun

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