Why Reference?

 To avoid plagiarism.
 To show your research
 To help the reader find the sources used
 To help you find a source again
There are two parts to referencing
In-text citation
Reference list (Bibliography)
In-text citation
 In-text citations are needed when you quote or
paraphrase an author.

 Harvard Referencing uses the ‘author-date’ system

Referencing quotes
 Quotes are referenced in-text using the following format:

(Author’s last name Year of publication, Page number/s)

 You may use the author’s name in a sentence, omitting it from

the brackets. For example:

Evans (2003, p. 157) states that……

Examples of short quotations
A short quote will be written as follows. According to
Evans (2003, p. 60), “The lessons of 25 April had gone
unlearned." Another way to write a quote could look like
this. “The invasion of the Suvla Bay area was
characterized by a lack of energy . . .” (Evans 2003, p.
127). The quote used here is not the full sentence, so no
full stop has been used within the quotation marks.
Example of a longer quotation
A longer quote is one that is two or more sentences long. I this case the
quote is formatted differently. The quote is indented (left and right
margins) and a smaller font is used.

"Get ready for university study introduces some of the key skills needed for
successful university-level study . . .the resource benefits a wide audience,
from school-leavers, new and potential students, to postgraduates,
professionals and others."

(Smith 2008, p. 60-61)

After the quote, standard font size and margins are used to continue with
the essay.
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is presenting the ideas or information of others using
your own words. Quotation marks are not used, and there is no
change to the layout. Remember, page numbers are not included.

Examples

Although the materials were originally developed for a comparatively small

user group, many others have also found them useful. (Smith, 2008).

According to Smith (2008), although the materials were originally developed

for a comparatively small user group, many others have also found them
useful.
Footnotes
Although footnotes are not a part of the
Harvard Reference system, they can be used
to provide extra information. They must not
be used to provide the reference to the
source of the material.1 Footnotes are not
included in the word count.

1
Your teacher may allow you to use footnotes for in-text
referencing
Interviews, emails & letters
 Information used from personal communication also
needs to be referenced in text. It will not be put in the
reference list.
 The format is:
Name of interviewee, Year, Per. Comm., day and Month
e.g.
(T Hogan, 2015, Per. Comm., 22 March)
Note: Initial comes before surname when referencing
personal communication.
The Reference list
 The reference list gives full details of sources you
have referenced in your text
 A bibliography gives full details of sources you
used in your research, but didn’t reference in your
text
 The bibliography is put at the end of the essay.
References are put in alphabetical order
 Books are to be referenced as follows
Author, Year, Title of Book, Publisher, Place Published

– note the punctuation and italics; these are conventions and can change slightly as
referencing guides are updated.

Example, book with one author:

Ross, H 2000, Black Pioneers, Penguin, Victoria.

Use the same name format (surname, initial) for books with 2 authors.
For more than 2 authors, use the first authors name followed by et al.
which is Latin for “and others”
Websites are referenced in the format shown bellow
Author/Organisation, Year, Title of Web Page, Date
Accessed, URL (Web Address)

Example, a webpage with an author:

 If you can’t determine the author of the web page, cite
in this format
Title of Web Page, Year, Date Accessed, URL (Web Address
with no author)
Time to put it all into practice!

Write a bibliographic reference for

the following:
 Here’s how it should look….
Cameron, A.D, 1981, Exploring History: Young Workers in the
Industrial Revolution, Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh.

The next excerpt is from the same book. You need to write:
 One short quote
 One long quote
 One paraphrased section