The Technologies and Tools for Digital Transformation

Pethuru Raj PhD

Chief Architect and Vice President
Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) Division
Reliance Jio Infocomm, Ltd. (RJIL)
Bangalore

peterindia@gmail.com
https://www.linkedin.com/in/peterindia/
www.peterindia.net

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 The IT Vision

“Providing right services to right people at right time at right place”

The future services include IT-enabled, context-aware, insights-driven, Clouds-

based, and People-centric services (personal, professional, and physical)

IBM envisions for

“The Smarter Planet”

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 The Brewing Buzzwords in the IT Industry
 Consumerization - Extended Device Ecosystem -Trendy & handy, slim & sleek mobile, wearable, implantable & portable devices (Instrumented, Interconnected and Intelligent
Devices)

 Sentient & Smart Materials - Attaching scores of Digitization / edge technologies (invisible, calm, infinitesimal and disposable sensors & actuators, LEDs, stickers, tags, labels,
motes, dots & dust, Beacons, specks, codes, chips, controllers, etc.)

 Extreme and Deeper Connectivity & Networking Standards - 5G cellular communication for the IoT era, Wi-Fi 802.11 ax, etc.

 Commoditization and Industrialization - Infrastructure Optimization & Elasticity – Programmable, Consolidated, Converged, Adaptive, Automated, Shared, QoS-enabling,
Green and Lean IT Infrastructures

 Compartmentalization through Virtualization and Containerization through Hypervisors for virtualized workloads and the Docker platform for productive and portable
Workloads

 Middleware Solutions (Intermediation, Aggregation, Dissemination, Arbitration, Enrichment, Collaboration, Delivery, Management, Governance, Brokering, Identity & Security )

 In-Memory & In-Database Data Processing Appliances for Big, Fast, Streaming and IoT Data Analytics

 Process Innovation and Architecture Assimilation (SOA, EDA, SCA, MDA, ROA, WOA, MSA, etc.)

 New Kind of Data Sources, Databases and Data Warehouses (SQL (Clustered, Analytical, and Parallel), NoSQL, NewSQL and Hybrid Models)

 A Bevy of Pioneering Technologies (Virtualization, miniaturization, integration, composition, sensing, vision, perception, mobility, knowledge engineering, fog / edge
computing, visualization, etc.)

 Natural, Intuitive and Informative Interfaces / Simple (web 1.0), social (web 2.0), semantic (web 3.0) and smart (web 4.0)

 Artificial, Ambient and Augmented Intelligence for Predictive, Prescriptive, Personalized and Cognitive Analytics

 Blockchain Technology for Digital Security

 Augmented and Virtual Reality (AR & VR)

 Programming Languages (Golang, Scala, RUST, Ballerina, etc.) and Low-code Platforms

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 Demystifying Digital Transformation

It is all about furthering business transformation leveraging digital technologies

• To improve business processes

• To ensure customer delight through premium services

• To increase the revenue through productivity and performance-enhancement,

• To develop new opportunities and business models.

Digitization can extend the reach of organizations, improve management decisions, and speed the development
of new products and services.

Digital data is the new fuel for all the business evolutions and revolutions Data and information have become
core business assets, new sources of revenue and critical enablers in the information age

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 Digital Transformation: the Key Drivers

1. The Rise of a raft of Digital Technologies and Tools

2. The Faster Maturity of Digitization and Edge Technologies

3. IT Industrialization and Consumerization

4. Polyglot Architecture

5. Analytics-centricity and Artificial Intelligence (AI)

6. Digital Intelligence

7. Integrated and Insightful Systems

8. Digital Security

The Market Trends

• 87% say that Digital Transformation is a competitive opportunity.
• 96% of organizations see digital transformation as critical and important.
• 85% of enterprise decision makers feel they have a timeframe of two years to make significant inroads on their digital transformation before
suffering financially or falling behind their competitors.
• It is going to be the 3 trillion dollar business opportunity

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The Prominent Steps for Digital Transformation

1. Digitization

2. Deeper and Extreme Connectivity

3. Microservices Architecture

4. Process Orchestration

5. Infrastructure Optimization

6. Architecture Assimilation

7. Technology Choices

8. Data Leverage

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 The Digital Implications by the Year 2020

1. Millions of Software services

2. Billions of Connected and Cognitive Devices
3. Trillions of Digitized Entities

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 Digital Transformation: The Impacts

1. Establishing and Sustaining context-aware and cognitive homes, hotels, hospitals, etc.

2. Empowering our everyday environments smarter and sustainable

3. Enabling enterprises to be adaptive, agile, and affordable

4. Exploring fresh possibilities and opportunities for individuals, innovators and institutions

5. Ensuring utmost security and safety for people and properties

6. Easing up the extraction of insights out of data heaps

7. Envisioning people-empowerment Use Cases

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Accelerating Digital Transformation through Connectivity + Cognition

Digitization - Digitization in massive scale through the edge technologies (actuators, beacons, chips, codes, controllers,
LEDs, sensors, specks, stickers, tags, etc.) That is, every common thing in our midst becomes digitized entities/smart
objects/sentient materials that are capable of contributing for mainstream computing

Connectivity and Integration - Embedded systems are networked to communicate, collaborate, correlate and corroborate
with one another. Device-to-device (D2D) and device-to-cloud (D2C) integration thrive towards sophisticated applications
with the maturity of the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and cyber physical systems (CPSs)

Service-enablement – Service-enabling the digitized and connected entities leads to the realization of scores of digital
and device services

Data Virtualization – When billions of different and distributed services interact, massive and multi-structed data gets
produced and has to be collected and cleansed. Context information has to be embedded with digital data.

Digital Intelligence by Cognition - Applying big, fast, and streaming analytics on digital data systematically is to create
predictive, prognostic, prescriptive, and personalized insights, which can be looped back to people and systems to take
timely decisions and to plunge into actions with all the clarity, confidence and correctness

Digitization (IoT) + Digital Intelligence (IoT Data Analytics / Machine & Deep Learning Algorithms) paves the way
for digitally empowered and transformed enterprises

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Predicting the Future: Connectivity and Cognition

The Internet of Things (IoT) + Artificial Intelligence (AI)

results in

Smarter and Sophisticated Systems

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A CPG company was facing challenges in managing its SKU replenishment intelligently and improving sales growth. It wanted its sales team to have more informed sales conversations
with store owners by leveraging a host of historical information. To overcome the said challenges, the company used a recommendation system that uses machine learning/artificial
intelligence to provide the sales representatives with intelligent, store-level recommendations at the point of ordering. The company saw an increase in footfall owing to enhanced
customer satisfaction. 19% revenue uplift and 8% sales growth

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 Digital Transformation: Case Studies

1. McDonald began installing kiosks where customers can quickly customize their hamburgers. They were one of the first
companies to adopt Apple Pay mobile pay and, it is trying to embed sensors into paper, etc

2. Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) - fully embracing cloud technology to dramatically boost its agility. This has given it the capacity to
develop a raft of innovative new products and services, among them its ‘virtual windscreen’. It uses augmented reality (AR)
technology to make the sides of the car fully transparent when a driver turns their head to see behind. The front windscreen can
also overlay useful driving safety information, or even project a ‘ghost car’ in front that drivers can follow rather than having to
look down at a satnav.

3. Trelleborg, which makes precision seals for engine components, machinery and underwater structures, has to fulfil complex
orders ranging from one to millions of units. Lack of space and agility was causing the small-scale specialist to lose market share
to larger competitors, so the company transformed its business with the help of 42 collaborative robots. The robots have allowed
Trelleborg to improve product quality, reduce the number of human operators required for each manufacturing machine from
three people to one, fit more machines into the available space and become dramatically more price competitive.

4. Tesla incorporates technology into their vehicles that essentially make them computers on wheels. Cameras. Sensors. GPS.
Self-driving vehicles. Syncing your smartphone with your car. One of the features that clients like, is that Tesla texts them to say,
that based on traffic, they need to leave in five minutes to get to their next appointment on time. Invested in automated assembly
robots and this allowed Tesla to not only put together cars, but to incorporate the most up-to-date technology in those cars.
Moving forward,

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 Digital Transformation: Case Studies

1. Leeds City Council has adopted an open data model – releasing as much data as possible openly in machine-readable formats
and providing a platform for people (including third-party innovators) to develop compelling applications based on the open data.
New digital services are built for local residents. The Leeds Bins app for iOS and Android devices that allows residents to quickly
and easily query information about collection dates, recycling and waste management.

2. DigitalBridge, which has developed a clever ecommerce website addon that allows shoppers to snap photos of their rooms and
see what furniture and other products would look like in their own homes. It automatically detects walls and floors and creates a
photorealistic virtual representation of the customer’s room, in which lighting and decor can be changed on the fly, and products
can be placed, rotated and repositioned in full, realistic perspective.

3. Ignition Law saw an opportunity to provide high-quality legal services at a fraction of the cost by setting up as a cloud-based
business. It uses web-based collaboration tools to enable remote and flexible working for all its lawyers. This has meant that it
can take advantage of the many qualified lawyers who are qualified to do top-end work but no longer want to work full time in a
highly competitive and pressurized office environment (e.g. working mothers).

4. GE Avionics, who manufactures precision components for jet engines. Traditionally, engineers and designers have been
constrained by the strictures of the manufacturing process itself; if a part is too complex, it might require multiple components that
need to be welded together – too complex and it becomes unviable. Now, the company has developed a technology it calls
‘additive manufacturing’ which allows even very complex components to be 3D printed as a single part using a technique called
direct metal laser melting. To cite just one example, the company has designed a fuel nozzle that solves the problem of ‘coking’
(where a buildup of carbon deposits from spent fuel clogs up the nozzle). The new component can be printed from scratch as a
single part which contains internal support ligaments and cooling pathways to eliminate coking, making the part five times more
durable.

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The Convergence of IoT and AI Paradigms towards Digital Transformation

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 How to make IoT Environments Intelligent?
Any IoT environment comprises scores of networked, resource-constrained and intensive, and embedded systems (digital objects, connected
devices, and virtualized / containerized infra). IoT artifacts are not individually intelligent. The charter is to make them intelligent
individually as well as collectively

1. The Internet of Agents (IoA) for empowering each digital object to be adaptive, articulate, reactive, and cognitive through mapping an
software agent for each of the participating digital objects

2. Through realizing digital services (every digital object and connected device is expressed and exposed as a service) and through service
orchestration and choreography, digital applications are being crafted and enhanced

3. The concept of Digital Twin / virtual object is also maturing and stabilizing

4. The proven and potential IoT data analytics at edge and cloud levels is the prominent and dominant aspect for knowledge discovery and
dissemination

5. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies (machine and deep learning algorithms, computer vision, natural language
processing, video processing, etc. ) leads to the realization of smarter systems, services and solutions

6. The new concept of smart contracts being popularized through the blockbuster blockchain technology leads to sophisticated and
decentralized applications

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Data Analytics at public Clouds for Smarter Homes

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 Why IoT Data Analytics on Clouds?
• Agility & Affordability - No capital investment of large-size infrastructures for analytical workloads. Just use and pay. Quickly provisioned and
decommissioned once the need goes down.

• Data Analytics Platforms in Clouds – Therefore leveraging cloud-enabled and ready platforms (generic or specific, open or commercial-grade, etc.)
are fast and easy

• NoSQL & NewSQL Databases and Data Warehouses in Clouds – All kinds of database management systems and data warehouses in cloud speed
up the process of next-generation data analytics. Database as a service (DaaS), data warehouse as a service (DWaaS), business process as a
service (BPaaS) and other advancements lead to the rapid realization of analytics as a service (AaaS).

• WAN Optimization Technologies - There are WAN optimization products for quickly transmitting large quantities of data over the Internet
infrastructure

• Social and professional networking sites are running in public cloud environments

• Enterprise-class Applications in Clouds – All kinds of customer-facing applications are cloud-enabled and deployed in highly optimized and organized
cloud environments

• Anytime, anywhere, any network and any device information and service access is being activated through cloud-based deployment and delivery

• Cloud Integrators, Brokers & Orchestrators – There are products and platforms for seamless interoperability among geographically distributed cloud
environments. There are collaborative efforts towards federated clouds and the Intercloud.

• Sensor/Device-to-Cloud Integration Frameworks are available to transmit ground-level data to cloud storages and processing. 19
 Why IoT Data Analytics has to be real-time and at Edge?
• Volume and Velocity – ingesting, processing and storing such huge amounts of data which is gathered in real-time.
• Security – devices can be located in sensitive environments, control vital systems or send private data. With the number of
devices and the fact they are not humans who can simply type a password, new paradigms and strict authentication and access
control must be implemented.
• Bandwidth – if devices constantly send the sensor and video data, it will hog the internet and cost a fortune. Therefore edge
analytics approaches must be deployed to achieve scale and lower response time.
• Real-time Data Capture, Storage, Processing, Analytics, Knowledge Discovery, Decision-making and Actuation
• Less Latency and Faster Response
• Context-Awareness capability
• Combining real-time data with historical state – there are analytics solutions which handle batch quite well and some tools that
can process streams without historical context. It is quite challenging to analyze streams and combine them with historical data
in real-time.
• Power consumption - Cloud computing is energy-hungry and that it is a concern for a low-carbon economy.
• Data obesity – In a traditional cloud approach, huge amount of untreated data are pumped blindly into the cloud that it is
supposed to have magical algorithms written by data scientists. This vision is really not the best efficient and it is much
more wise to pre-treat data at a local level and to limit the cloud processes at the strict minimum.
 Envisioning the Future for Edge Computing

1. The emergence of 5G networking and communication capability is to decisively impact on IoT edge analytics and actuation in
bringing forth next-generation people and process-centric applications.

2. The faster maturity of network function virtualization (NFV) and software-defined networking (SDN) are to enable
management, utilization and optimization of edge networking resources.

3. Microservices architecture (MSA) is to realize scores of fog/edge device microservices.

4. The power of machine and deep learning algorithms along with computer vision, natural language processing (NLP) will
be made visible in edge device clouds.

5. The overwhelming adoption and adaption of Docker-enabled containerization is to facilitate the deployment of containerized
software into edge devices and their networks. Multi-container edge applications will be the toast of edge computing.

6. Kubernetes is to manage and orchestrate containerized edge services.

7. Istio and other resiliency frameworks are to help in realizing resilient edge services towards reliable edge environments.

8. The realization of enhanced clouds (the hybrid version of edge and enterprise clouds) is obligatory

9. The convergence of the blockchain technology and the IoT era promises the IoT security in trust-less environments

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 The Digital Intelligence Methods

1. Analytics Methods of digital data (Big, Fast, and Streaming data) for diagnostic and deterministic insights

2. Machine and Deep Learning Algorithms towards predictive, prescriptive and personalized insights

3. There are powerful data storage solutions such as SQL, NoSQL and NewSQL databases, data warehouses and lakes for digital
data analytics

4. There are in-memory databases for real-time analytics and actuation

5. There are data virtualization and knowledge visualization tools, platforms, dashboards, etc.

6. There are data processing and analytics platforms (Spark, Storm, Samza, Flink, etc.) on Cloud environments

7. There are event stores such as Kafka for processing and stocking millions of event messages per second

8. There are machine and deep learning platforms, frameworks and libraries for accelerating and automating analytics (cognitive
analytics)

9. Fog or Edge data analytics is gaining speed with a number of lightweight platform solutions capable of running on fog/edge
device clouds

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 Digital Security Challenges and Solution Approaches

1. Security Challenges

 Data, Network, Application and Infrastructure Security Issues

 New IT Resources (Virtual Machines and Containers) Security

 IoT Devices and Data Security

2. Security Solutions Approaches and Suites

 Firewalls, IDS/IPS

 Real-time Security Analytics

 Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) Solutions

 Blockchain Technology for IoT Device and Data Security

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Appendix

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 The IoT Realization Technologies

1. The Realization technologies are maturing (Miniaturization, Instrumentation, Connectivity, remote

programmability / service-enablement / APIs, sensing, vision, perception, analysis, knowledge-
engineering, Decision-enablement, etc.)
2. A flurry of edge technologies (sensors, stickers, specks, smart dust, codes, chips, controllers, LEDs,
tags, actuators, etc.)
3. Ultra-high bandwidth communication technologies (wired as well as wireless (4G, 5G, etc.))
4. Low-cost, power and range communication standards: LoRa, LoRaWAN, NB-IoT, 802.11x Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth Smart, ZigBee, Thread, NFC, 6LowPAN, Sigfox, Neul, etc.
5. Powerful network topologies, Internet gateways, integration and orchestration frameworks, and
transport protocols (MQTT, UPnP, CoAP, XMPP, REST, OPC, etc.) for communicating data and event
messages
6. A variety of IoT application enablement platforms (AEPs) with application building, deployment and
delivery, data and process integration, application performance management, security, orchestration,
and messaging capabilities
7. Event Processing and Streaming Engines are for event message capture, ingestion, processing, etc.
8. A bevy of IoT data analytics platforms for extracting timely and actionable insights out of IoT data
9. Edge / Fog Analytics through Edge Clouds
10. IoT Gateways, platforms, middleware solutions, databases, and applications on cloud environments

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 The IoT Connectivity Options
• Multi-Sensor Fusion – Heterogeneous, multifaceted, and distributed sensors talk to one another to create sensor mesh to solve
complicated problems

• Sensor to Cloud (S2C) Integration – Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) will emerge at the intersection of the physical and virtual /
cyber worlds.

• Device to Device (D2D) Integration – With the device ecosystem is on the rise, the D2D integration is important.

• Device to Enterprise (D2E) Integration - In order to have remote and real-time monitoring, management, repair, and
maintenance, and for enabling decision-support and expert systems, ground-level heterogeneous devices have to be
synchronized with control-level enterprise packages such as ERP, SCM, CRM, KM etc.

• Device to Cloud (D2C) Integration - As most of the enterprise systems are moving to clouds, device to cloud (D2C) connectivity
is gaining importance.

• Cloud to Cloud (C2C) Integration – Disparate, distributed and decentralised clouds are getting connected to provide better
prospects

• Mobile Edge Computing (MEC), Cloudlets and Edge Cloud Formation through the clustering of heterogeneous edge / fog
devices

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We are on the threshold of massive explosion of connected things

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The Derivatives of the Brewing ICT Trends

• The Internet of Computers

• The Internet of Devices
• The Internet of Services
• The Internet of Things (IoT) / the Internet of Energy / the Internet of People, etc.
• Ubiquitous / Pervasive / Context-Aware / Sentient Computing
• Ambient Intelligence (AmI)
• Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)
• Smarter Environments • Mainframe (One to many)
• PC (One to one)
• Connected Devices (Many to one)

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 The IoT Integration Stack

Sensors, Actuators, Controllers, Tags, Stickers, consumer electronics,

appliances, Devices, Machines, Utensils, instruments, gadgets, smart
materials
Physical Devices Physical World

Device Middleware
Service oriented device middleware for message routing, enrichment,
adaptation etc.

Virtual Applications &

Platforms Applications, Services, Data sources, Packages, Platforms, Middleware, etc.

Virtual Infrastructures
Clouds (Consolidated, Centralized / Federated, Virtualized, Automated and
Cyber World
Shared Infrastructures)

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 The Interconnectivity of Devices

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 The Implications of Software Services

1. Software is penetrative, participative, pervasive and persuasive

2. Everything is becoming software-defined

3. Software development, deployment and delivery are to happen in minutes rather than
months of time through configuration, customization and composition

4. The concepts such as ‘Infrastructure as code’, infrastructure programming, etc. are

garnering a lot of market and mind shares due to increased leverage of software.

5. Software enables flexibility, modifiability, accessibility, scalability, sustainability, etc.

6. Services have to be reactive (Responsive, Resilient, Elastic and Message-driven)

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 The Impacts of Connected Devices

• Newer deeper and extreme connectivity concepts such as Device-to-Device (D2D) and
Device to cloud (D2C), human machine interface (HMI) etc. are emerging and evolving

• A bevy of hitherto unheard connected applications across multiple industry verticals can
be conceived and concretized

• The device / machine data can be collected and crunched to produce actionable insights
to empower machines and men to be self, surroundings and situation-aware in their
everyday decisions, deals and deeds.

• The Fog / Edge Analytics for real-time insights will become common and casual with the
realization of fog / edge device clouds (These ad hoc clouds are capable of collecting,
stocking, and processing petabytes of sensor and actuator data)

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 The Era of Digitized Objects

1. All kinds of physical, mechanical, and electrical artifacts are being digitized through a
plethora of edge technologies to join in the mainstream computing, communication,
sensing, perception, vision, and actuation

2. Sensor-to-cloud (S2C) integration is picking up sharply to connect all kinds of sensor-

enabled systems with cloud applications, services, and databases etc. There will be a
plenty of cyber physical systems in place in the days ahead.

3. The sensor data gets collected, corroborated, correlated and crunched in order to extract
actionable insights in time to proactively and preemptively identify any kind of anomalies,
outliers, deviations, discrepancies, deficiencies, etc. Thus the aspects of preventive and
predictive maintenance are to see the reality soon.

The prominent edge technologies include sensors, actuators, LEDs, specks, chips,
codes, tags, microcontrollers, stickers, beacons, etc.

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 The Digital Implications on the Application Side

1. Web-scale, Process and Data-intensive, Service-oriented, Cloud-hosted, Event-driven,

People-centric, and Knowledge-filled Services and Applications

2. Highly Reliable, Scalable, Available and Secure Applications

3. Highly Synchronized, Sophisticated yet Complicated Applications

4. Massive-scale Transactional, Operational, Analytical and Infrastructure-aware Applications

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 The Digital Implications on the Platform Side

1. Big, Fast, Streaming and IoT Data Analytics Platforms

2. Event Capture, Ingest, Store and Processing Platforms

3. Clustered SQL, NoSQL, and NewSQL Databases and Data Lakes

4. In-Memory Data Grids (IMDGs) and Database Platforms

5. Resilient Microservices-based Application Platforms

6. Operational, Log, Performance and Security Analytics Platforms

7. Fog / Edge and Cognitive Analytics Platforms

8. Cyber Security Intelligence Platform

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 The Digital Implications on the Infrastructure Side

1. Cluster, Grid and Cloud Compute Infrastructures

2. Hyper converged Infrastructures / Appliances

3. Edge / Fog Device Cloud Environments

4. Software-defined Cloud Environments

5. Containerized Clouds

6. Cognitive Clouds

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Digital Business Platform

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