Submitted by : Neha Bothra

Roll no. : 22
 Nanorobots in a nutshell…
o Nanorobots are typically
devices ranging in size
from 0.1 -10μm and
constructed of nanoscale
components.
o Nanorobots can be used in medical applications
for removing Heart blocks, tumour cells etc.
How Nanorobots will Work??

A tiny robot implanted into a blood stream. The robot

detects the cause of your fever, travels to the
appropriate system and provides a dose of medication
directly to the infected area.
 Nanorobots Locomotion
Designers sometimes look at microscopic
organisms for propulsion inspiration, like the
Nanorobots flagellum on this e-coli cell.
Parts of Nanorobots
1. A Mechanical arm
2. A rotor
3. Sensors
4. Micro-cameras
5. Payloads
6. Capacitors
 GLYCOCALYX
The nanorobots exterior shape consists of a diamondoid
material to which may be attached an artificial
glycocalyx surface that minimizes fibrinogen (and other
blood proteins) adsorption and bioactivity, ensuring
sufficient biocompatibilty to avoid immune system
attack.
INJECTION OF NANOROBOTS

 Nanorobots are
introduced into the
body by surgery.
 So the Nanorobots are
made smaller than the
blood vessels as it can
travel.
 The nanorobot is
injected in femoral
artery
 Investments
• Nanotechnology is a key technology for
the future and Goverments .
• Governments have invested billions of
dollars in its research.
Country Investe
d
(dollar)
USA 3.7 Billions
EUROPEA N 1.2 Billions
UNION

JAPAN 750 Million

 Challenges
There are three main
considerations scientists need
to focus on when looking at
nanorobots moving through
the body –
1. Navigation
2. Power
3. How the nanorobot will
move through blood vessels.
 Nanorobot
Navigation:

External Onboard
Systems Systems
 External Navigation Systems
• One of these methods is to use ultrasonic signals to
detect the nanorobot's location and direct it to the right
destination. The signals would either pass through the
body, reflect back to the source of the signals, or both.
The nanorobot could emit pulses of ultrasonic signals,
which could be detected using special equipment with
ultrasonic sensors.
• Using a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) device ,
doctors could locate and track a nanorobot by detecting
its magnetic field.
• Doctors might also track nanorobots by injecting a
radioactive dye into the patient's bloodstream.
• Other methods of detecting the nanorobot include
using X-rays, radio waves, microwaves or heat.
 Onboard systems
 Onboard systems, or internal sensors,
might also play a large role in navigation.
 A nanorobot with chemical sensors could
detect and follow the trail of specific
chemicals to reach the right location.
 A spectroscopic sensor would allow the
nanorobot to take samples of surrounding
tissue, analyze them and follow a path of
the right combination of chemicals.
Nanorobots tools
will have to be
small enough to
manipulate cells
like these red
blood cells.
 FACTORS AFFECTING
MOVEMENT OF NANOBOTS:
Viscosity Friction Non-rigidity
Is the physical In nano domain friction is In nano domains,low
property that governed by Amonton- spring
represents the Coulomb’s laws states constants make nano
tendency of a fluid to that sliding friction is mechanisms highly
undergo deformation propotional to normal sensitive to forces thus
when subjected to load and independent making it non rigid in
shear stress. of apparent area of nano domains.
contact between sliding
bodies and sliding
velocity.
Brownian
Inertia Peclet motion
In nano domains, the
motion is Number Is the random motion of
particles In a fluid
instantaneous and Is the ratio of thermal resulting from their
there is little energy convected to collision with the fast
overshoot because of the fluid to the thermal moving atoms or
less inertia properties. energy conducted molecules in the gas or
within the fluid, liquid.
 MOVEMENT OF NANOROBOTS:
BIOLOGICAL ARTIFICIAL
◦ In biological movement ◦In artificial movement of
of nanobots, movement nanobots, components such
is possible by active and as molecular sorting rotors
rotating or beating cilia and a robot arm are used.
or rotating flagella.
◦The outer surface of
◦ Kinesin, dyneines and nanobots are made of
myosins are commonly diamondoid new material.
known as biological
motors.
Types of nanorobots

• Nanobots
• Nanoids
• Nanites
• Nanomachines
• Nanomites
• Nano spiders
Nanobots
Nano machines
Nanoids
Nano spiders
Nanites
PROPERTIES OF NANOROBOT USED
ON BYPASS SURGERY
• The nanorobots structure will have two spaces, interior and exterior.
• The exterior will be diamonded.
• An electric motor is attached to this nanorobot for its propagation
inside the circulatory system in the blood vessels. The
microprocessor, artery thermometer, camera, rotating needle are also
incorporated in this nanomachine, which perform the vital role of the
nanorobot.
• The microprocessor controls the overall operation of this nanorobot.
The radioactive material is impregnated and is made as a part of the
exterior surface, which helps us to trace the nanorobot at any period
of time. The magnetic switch is also provided to switch on and off
the nanorobot at any point of time.
 INJECTING A NANOROBOT IN TOTHE BODY
AND THE SOURCE OFMOVING:
• Nanorobot gets access into the body through a large diameter artery i.e.
the femoral artery in leg.
• A small amount of radioactive substance is
• impregnated on nanorobot.
• to get access to the site of operation of the nanorobot, it must have
active propeller.
• An electric motor is used. This electric motor will have a shrouded
blade design so as to avoid damage to the surrounding tissues.
• An internal sensor is used to find out
the exact location of the plaque.
 TREATMENT OF PLAQUE AND MEANS OF
REMOVAL OF NANOROBOT:
 Activation of rotating needle.
 The diamond chipped burr grinds the plaque into micro particles.
 Cutting procedure is monitored using the camera.
 Nanorobot starts the operation when the bar magnet is moved over
it.
 The removal of nanorobot is made possible by guiding the
Nanorobot to anchor a blood vessel that is easily accessible from
outside, and perform a small surgical operation is performed to
remove it.
 The area where the temperature exceeds than the maximum limit
set in the nanorobot, will be operated on by the Nanorobot i.e. that
part will be cut by the rotator needle attached to the nanorobot.
 Breaking up blood clots:
Nanorobots could travel to a clot
and break it up. This application
is one of the most dangerous uses
for nanorobots – the robot must be
able to remove the blockage
without losing small pieces in the
bloodstream, which could then
travel elsewhere in the body and
cause more problems. The robot
must also be small enough so that Nanorobots might carry small ultrasonic
signal generators to deliver frequencies
it doesn't block the flow of blood directly to kidney stones.
itself.
•Breaking up kidney stones: Kidney stones can be intensely
painful -- the larger the stone the more difficult it is to pass.
Doctors break up large kidney stones using ultrasonic
frequencies, but it's not always effective. A nanorobot could
break up a kidney stones using a small laser.
 •.

This would prevent

most Heart Attack
A NANOROBOT NIBBLING ON AN ATHEROSCLEROTIC DEPOSIT IN A BLOOD VESSEL
 Nanorobots in cancer treatment

Nanorobots with embedded chemical biosensors

are used for detecting the tumor cells in early
stages of cancer development inside a patient’s
body.
•Parasite Removal: Nanorobots could wage micro-war on
bacteria and small parasitic organisms inside a patient. It
might take several nanorobots working together to destroy all
the parasites.

•Gout: Gout is a condition where the kidneys lose the ability

to remove waste from the breakdown of fats from the
bloodstream. This waste sometimes crystallizes at points
near joints like the knees and ankles. People who suffer from
gout experience intense pain at these joints. A nanorobot
could break up the crystalline structures at the joints,
providing relief from the symptoms, though it wouldn't be
able to reverse the condition permanently.

•Cleaning wounds: Nanorobots could help remove debris from

wounds, decreasing the likelihood of infection. They would be
particularly useful in cases of puncture wounds, where it might be
difficult to treat using more conventional methods.
Diagnosis and testing
Medical nanorobots are used for the purpose of
diagnosis, testing and monitoring of microorganisms,
tissues and cells in the blood stream.
 Nanorobotsin Genetheraphy
Nanorobots are also applicable in treating genetic
diseases, by relating the molecular structures of
DNA and proteins in the cell.
Nanorobots for Cardiology
Blood Pressure Monitoring
/ Drug Delivery
 Nanorobots for Diabetes - Glucose Monitoring

Nanorobots with nanobiochemosensors can be used for pervasive

diabetes monitoring.
 iNOS (inducible Nitric
Oxide Synthase

Nanorobots can be used with

biosensors to detect iNOS Signals
for diagnosis before a stroke
happens
“A microscopic
machine roaming
through the
bloodstream,
injecting or taking
samples for
identification and
determining the
concentrations of
different
compounds"
A single
inhaled
nanorobot
reaches,
deeply
inspired into
the lungs,
enters an
alveolar duct
and attaches
to the tissue
surface.
Mechanical
drilling of a
small
tumor
mass by a
nanorobot
 Therapeutic Applications of
Nanotechnology in Medicine
• A mouthwash full of smart nanomachines
could identify and destroy pathogenic bacteria
while allowing the harmless flora of the
mouth to flourish in a healthy ecosystem
 Dental
Robots

Four remote-controlled nanorobots examine

and clean the subocclusal surfaces of a
patient's teeth, near the gumline.
 Therapeutic Applications of
Nanotechnology in Medicine
Medical
nanodevices
could augment the
immune system
by finding and
disabling
unwanted bacteria
and viruses.
“Stinger"
nanorobot
grabs a sick T
lymphocyte
and injects a
glucocorticoid
designed to
induce
cellular
apoptosis.
 APPlICATION
•Tumours
•Blood clots
•Kidney Stones
•Diagnosis and Testing
•To Cure Skin Diseases
•Disabling unwanted Bacteria and Viruses
•Heart Surgery
•Smart anti-cancer Therapeutics
•Repair Damage Tissue
•Dental Care
•Gene Therapy and many more.....
ADVANTAGESo Easy and painless
operation.
o Less side effects when compared
to traditional surgeries.
o Faster and more precise
diagnosis.
o Individual units require only a
minimum amount of energy to
operate.
o Nanorobots might also produce
copies of themselves to replace
worn-out units, a process called
self-replication.
o The major advantage of
nanorobots is thought to be their
durability, in theory, they can
remain operational for years,
decades or centuries.
DISADVANTAGES:
◦ The nanorobots should be very
accurate otherwise harmful events
may occur.
◦ The initial design cost is very high.
◦ The design of this robot is very
complicated.
◦ Sometimes robots go out of control
inside human body due to various
factors discussed.
◦ Very expensive technology and its
very hard to program the
nanorobots.
 GOALS
• Construction of a nano-assembler
– A machine capable of building nanoprobes on a
grand scale
• The next step would be self-replication of
nanoprobes- mitosis
• Rough estimates say that this will be
reached in about 10-20 years
 PREDICTIONS
• Predicting the future of nanotechnology is
much like trying to predict the remainder of
a motion picture from a single frame

• Although the future of medicine lies

unclear, it is certain that nanotechnology
will have a significant impact
Nanorobots: Today and Tomorrow
• Teams around the world are working on creating the first practical
medical nanorobot. robot ranging from a millimeter in diameter to
a relatively hefty two centimeters long already exist, though they
are all still in the testing phase of development and haven't been
used on people.
• We're probably several years away from seeing nanorobots enter
the medical market. Today's micro robots are just prototypes that
lack the ability to perform medical tasks.
• In the future, nanorobots could revolutionize medicine. Doctors
could treat everything from heart disease to cancer using tiny
robots the size of bacteria, a scale much smaller than today's
robots. Robots might work alone or in teams to eradicate disease
and treat other conditions.. Unlike acute treatment, these robots
would stay in the patient's body forever.
• Another potential future application of nanorobot technology is to
re- engineer our bodies to become resistant to disease, increase
our strength or even improve our intelligence.
• Will we one day have thousands of microscopic robots rushing
around in our veins, making corrections and healing our cuts,
bruises and illnesses? With nanotechnology, it seems like
anything is possible