The Respiratory System

Anatomy of Biomedic-2

Muhammad Iqbal Basri

Department of Anatomy
Hasanuddin University
Composition
 Respiratory tract
 Nose

 Pharynx upper respiratory tract

 Larynx

 Trachea

lower respiratory tract

 Bronchi

 Lungs-paired organs of respiration

Function: supply the body with oxygen
and to get rid of excess carbon dioxide
resulting from cell metabolism
The Larynx

Posisi－terletak pada
bagian anterior leher
(caudal dari os hyoideus),
dan meluas dari level
vertebra C4-C6
CARTILAGO LARYNGIS

 Cartilago thyreoidea (1)

 Cartilago cricoidea (1)
 Cartilago arytaenoidea(2)
 Cartilago epiglottica (1)
 Cartilago corniculata (2)
 Cartilago cuneiforme (2)

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 Os hyoid

Cart.thyreoidea

Cart.cricoidea

5
 Cart.epiglottica

Cart.cornicu
lata Cart.aryten
oidea

Cart.cricoidea

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Cartilago laryngeus
Cartilago thyreoidea
 Shield-shaped cartilage
 Prominentia laryngeus pada
basis incisura thyreoidalis
 Incisura thyreoidalis
superior, cornu superior dan
inferior
Cartilago cricoidea
 Complete ring of cartilage
(shaped like a signet ring)
 Arcus cartilago cricoidea －
pada level C6
 Lamina of cricoid cartilage
Cartilago cricoidea

 Ring shaped
 Lamina cart.cricoidea
 Arcus cart.cricoidea

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Cartilago arytaenoidea
 Paired, pyramid shaped,
membentuk persendian
dengan lamina cartilago
cricoidea
 Processus vocalis pada
sebelah anterior, tempat
melekatnya plica vocalis
pada bagian posterior
 Processus muscularis

Cartilago epiglottica
leaf-shaped elastic cartilage
terletak diposterior radix
lingua
 Processus vocalis

Processus
muscularis Lig. vocalis

Cart.cricoidea
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Os Hyoid

 Tidak termasuk cartilago

laryngeus
 Terkait dengan deglutio
process
 Cornu majus
 Cornu minus
 Corpus

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Laryngeal joints
 Articulatio cricothyroidea

 Articulatio cricoarytenoidea

Laryngeal ligaments and membrane

 Membrana thyrohyoideus －extending from hyoid bone to
thyroid cartilage
 Membrana quadrangularis
 Between epiglottic, thyroid and
arytenoid cartilages
 Lower free border forms vestibular
ligament
 Conus elasticus
 Between arytenoids, thyroid, and
cricoid cartilages
 Upper free border forms
ligamentum vocal is
 Ligamentum cricothyroid
medialis ：may be site of
circothyrotomy during acute
respiratory obstruction
 Ligamentum cricotrachealis
－between cricoid cartilage and first
ring of trachea
 Conus elasticus

 Cranial part of arcus

cartilago cricoidea(caudal)
 Both of lamina cartilago
thyreoidea to form
lig.cricothyreoideum
mediale
 Cranial part form plica
vocalis

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Membrana quadrangularis

 Quadran in shaped
 Caudal part form
LIG.VENTRICULARE
 Cranial part form PLICA
ARYEPIGLOTTICA
 Space between both
plica ventricularis form
RIMA VESTIBULI

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Muscles of larynx
 Increasing tension on the vocal ligament－cricothyroid
 Decreasing tension on the vocal ligament－thyroarytenoid
 Opening the glottis－posterior cricoarytenoid
 Closing the glottis－ cricoarytenoid
Extrinsic muscles

 M.sternothyreoideus
 M.thyreohyoideus
 M.stylopharyngeus
 M.mylohyoideus
 M.geniohyoideus
 M.stylohyoideus

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Intrinsic muscles (lateral)

 M.cricoarytenoideus lateralis
 M.thyreoarytenoideus
 M.vocalis
 M.thyreoepiglottis
 M.aryepiglottica

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Intrinsic muscles(dorsal)

 M.arytaenoideus
 M.crico arytaenoideus posterior
 M.cricothyreoideus

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Muscles of the larynx
e

t
t a

c
c
Mechanism of larynx muscles

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Cavum laryngeus
Aditus laryngeus－bounded by upper border epiglottic cartilage,
plica aryepiglottica and incisura interarytenoid
Structure features
 Two pairs of shelf like folds :
 Plica vestibularis
 Plica vocalis
 Two fissures
 Rima vestibuli
 Rima glottidis
 Inter membranous part
－anterior 3/5, between vocal-
folds
 Inter cartilagrnous part
－posterior 2/5, between
arytenoids cartilages
Plica vocalis

Rima
glottidis

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Three parts
 Vestibulum laryngeus
 Extends from the aperture of
larynx to the rima vestibuli
 Tubercle of epiglottis
 Intermedial cavity of larynx
 Extends from the level of the
rima vestibuli to the level of the
fissure of glottis
 Ventriculus laryngeus
－a small recess between
vestibular and vocal folds on
each side
 Infraglottic cavity ( cavum
laryngeus)
 extends from the level of the
vocal folds to the lower border
of the cricoid cartilage
 Plica ventricularis

ventriculus

Conus Plica vocalis

elasticus

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 vestibulum

ventriculus

Plica
vocalis Cavum
laryngeus

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The Trachea
 Position: extends from the lower
border of cricoid cartilage to the level
of sternal angle (between T4－T5
vertebrae) where it divides into right
and left principal bronchi
 Structure features
 Consists of about 16－20 C-
shaped incomplete tracheal
cartilages for patency connected
by smooth muscle and connective
 Carina of trachea

－ridge of cartilage at bifurcation

into principal bronchi
Trachea

 Formed by cartilago &

connective tissue
 Inferior border of cartilago
cricoidea (level VC -6) –cranial
border of V.Th- 5
 Consist of 20 cartilago, form a
“U” letter, opened to posterior
 Lumen always open

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Bronchi
Right principal bronchus
 Shorter, wider, and more vertical than
the left , is about 2.5cm long, Leaves
the extend line of the middle line of
trachea at 22～25o angle
 Foreign bodies are therefore more
likely to lodge in this bronchus or one
of its branches
Left principal bronchus
 Narrower, longer, and more horizontal
than the right is about 5cm long,
leaves the extend line of the middle
line o trachea at about 35～36o angle
 Bronchus
eparterialis

Bronchus
hyparterialis

Truncus
Bronchus pulmonalis
hyparterialis

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The Lungs
Position: located in the thoracic
cavity by both sides of
mediastinum
General features
 Cone-shaped, the right lung is
shorter and broader, the left one
is longer and narrower
 Apex pulmonalis－rises 2 ～3
cm above the medial third of
clavicle into neck
 Basis－concave, related to
diaphragm, also called
diaphragmatic surface
 Costal surface－large, convex,
related to thoracic wall
 Medial surface－concave, related to
mediastinum and vertebrae
 Hilum pulmonalis ：area on medial
surface where structures in root enter or
leave lung
 Radix pulmonalis
 Contents
 Principal bronchus
 Pulmonary artery and vein
 Nerves and lymphatics
 Surrounded by connective tissue
 Order of structures in the root of lung
 From before backward: V.A. B.
 From above downward:
 R.－B. A. V.
 L.－A. B. V.
Borders
 Posterior－blunt
 Inferior－ sharp
 Anterior－sharp
 cardiac notch
 lingual in left lung
Lobes and Fissure
 Right lung
 Two fissures : horizontal an
oblique
 Three lobes : superior, middle,
inferior
 Left lung
 One fissure : oblique
 Two lobes : superior and
inferior
Bronchial tree
Each principal bronchus
divides into lobar bronchi
(two on the left, three on
the right), each of which
supplies a lobe of lung.
Each lobar bronchus then
divided into segmental
bronchi, which supply
specific segments of the
lung.
Bronchopulmonary segments
 Wedge shaped, with the base lying peripherally and the
apex lying towards the root of lungs, ten in each lung
 Each with a segmental bronchus and branches of
pulmonary artery
 The veins lie both in and between segments
 Segmentation of right pulmo
Lobus superior Segmen apical
Segmen posterior
3 Segmen anterior
Lobus medius Segmen lateral
Pulmo
Segmen medial
Dexter 2
10 Lobus inferior Segmen apical
Segmen mediobasalis
5 Segmen anterobasalis
Segmen laterobasalis
Segmen posterobasalis
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 Segmentation of left pulmo
Lobus superior Segmen apicoposterior
Segmen anterior
4
Pulmo Segmen lingualis sup
Sinister Segmen lingualis inf

8 Lobus inferior Segmen apical

Segmen antero-
4 mediobasalis
Segmen laterobasalis
Segmen posterobasalis
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39
The Pleura
General features
 Serous membranes
forming closed sacs
 Two layers
 Pleura visceralis －
adheres to lung,
continuous with parietal
pleura at root of lung
 Pleura parietalis－lines
the thoracic cavity
Two pleural layers continue
with each other at root of
lung forming closed
potential space－cavum
pleura
 Contains a small amount
pleural fluid
 Subatmospheric pressure in it
Named parts of parietal pleura
 Cupula of pleura
－extends up into the neck, over
the apex of lung, 2～3cm above
the medial third of clavicle
 Pleura costalis －lines the inner
surface of the wall of the chest
 Pleura mediastinalis
 Lines mediastinum

 Ligamentum pulmonalis
－redundant pleura at root of
lung, which extends downward,
allows movement of structures
forming root of lung
 Pleura diaphragmatica
－Lines diaphragm
Pleura

 Membrana serosa cover

the lung
 Pleura visceralis
 Pleura parietalis
 Cavum pleura (there’s
serous fluid)

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 Pleura parietalis

 Pleura costalis
 Pleura mediastinalis
 Pleura diaphragmatica
 Cupula pleurae

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Pleura recesses
－potential spaces of pleural
cavity which lungs are not
occupied in quiet respiration
 Sinus (recessus)
costodiaphragmaticus－are
the slit-like intervals between
costal and diaphragmatic
pleurae on each side, the lowest
point of pleural cavity
 Sinus (recessus)
costomediastinalis－on the left
side between the mediastinal
pleural and costal pleura
Sinus
costodiaphr
agmaticus

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Cupula
pulmonis

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The surface projection of lower border
of lung and pleurae

Lower Midclavicular Midaxillary Sides of the

border lines lines vertebral
column

Lungs 6th rib 8th rib 10th rib

Pleura 8th rib 10th rib 12th rib

Diaphragm
Shape and position:
dome-shaped between thorax and
abdomen, consists of a peripheral
muscular part and a central tendon
Origin
 Sternal part: xiphoid process
 Costal part: lower six and costal
cartilages
 Lumbar part: arises by two crura from
upper 2-3 lumbar vertebrae
 Insertion: central tendon
Weak areas: triangular spaces without
muscular tissue
 Lumbocostal triangle: between
costal and lumbar parts.
 Sternocostal triangle: between
costal and sternal parts.
Openings in the diaphragm
 Aortic hiatus－lies anterior to the body of the 12th thoracic
vertebra between the crura. It transmits the aorta, thoracic
duct
 Esophageal hiatus－for esophagus and vagus nerves at
level of T10.
 Vena cava foramen －for inferior vena cava, through central
tendon at T8 level

T8

T10

T12
Action:
 Contraction: the dome
moving downward,
increases the volume of
thoracic cavity which
results in inspiration, at
the same time the intra-
abdominal pressure is
increased assists in
defecation, vomiting or
child birth.
 Relaxation: the dome
returns to the former
position, reduces the
volume to the thoracic
cavity, resulting in
expiration.
Thank You

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