Science

Club
General
Meeting
 AGENDA
 Science club members
 T-shirt printing
 Science Expo (exhibit)
 Experiments
 Others…..
ELECTRICIT
Y
Discovery
of
Electricity
 Thales of Melitus
 He observed that a piece
of amber attracted small
bits of paper or very thin
wood shaving after it was
rubbed with wool.
 William Gilbert
 He found that many
other different
materials could be
made to act like
amber.
 He called this strange
behaviour electricity,
from the Greek word
“elektron” meaning
amber.
 LODESTON  AMBER
 Electrostatics
 is the study of all phenomenon associated
with charged bodies at rest
Electric Charge
 Important Facts
 SI unit of charge is coulomb, abbreviated as C
 charged of electron is -1.6 x 10-19 C
 charged of proton is 1.6 x 10-19 C
Particle Location Mass Charge

proton Inside nucleus 1.67252 x 10-27 kg 1.6 x 10-19 C

neutron Inside nucleus 1.67495 x 10-27 kg None

electron Around nucleus 9.1095 x 10-31 kg -1.6 x 10-19 C

Quantization of Charge
 q = nc

 where:
 q is the charge
 n is the amount of charge is
present
 c is the charged particles present
Law of Conservation of
Charges
“the sum of the positive and
negative charges during the
process of rubbing”
 conductor

insulator

semiconductor

superconductor
 PROCESSES OF
CHARGING
• charging by friction
• charging by conduction
• charging by induction
TRIBOELECTRIC SERIES
TriboElectric Series
Dry hands
Leather

P Glass N
O
Human hair
E
Nylon
S Fur
G
I Silk A
T
Wood
T
Amber
I Rubber
I
V Polyester V
E
Styrofoam E
Polyurethane
Plyvinylchloride (PVC)
Teflon
 Examples
 rubbing fur with rubber
 glass rubbed with silk
 amber and wool
 PVC pipe and nylon
 leather and styrofoam
 Coulomb’s Law
the  electric force between charge is


proportional to the quantity of each of

the charges and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between
them
 where
k = 9 x 109 Nm2/C2

q1 and q2 are measured in coulombs

d in meters

F is the force of attraction

 Sample Problem
 Two object are both negative charged with 0.02 C
each and are 70 cm apart. What kind of force
between them and how much?

 Calculate the force attraction between the lone

electron and proton in a hydrogen atom. The
average distance between them is 4.6 x 10-7 m.

 What is the magnitude and direction of the force on

a charge of 4 x 10-9 C that is 5 cm from a charge of 5
x 10 -8 C?
Sample Problem
 Two charge, one of 5 x 10-7 C and the other of -2
x 10 -7 C, is attract each other with a force of 100
N. How far apart are they?

 A test charge of 2.0 x 10-6 C is place halfway

between a charge of 5 x 10-6 C and a charge of 3
x 10-6 C that are 20 cm apart. Find the
magnitude and direction of the force on the test
charge
 Electric Field
  Is the region where an electric force acts on a
charged body.

where:
E is the electric field strength and has the unit
N/C
F is the force in newton
q is the magnitude of the test charge in coulomb
 Sample Problem
1. A uniform electric field is directed downward and
has a magnitude of 5 N/C. Find the magnitude and
direction of the force experienced by a charged of -6C
place in the field.

2. Point A is 50.0 cm from a charged of 6.0 x 10 -7 C. What

is the magnitude and direction of the electric field at
point A?

3. Compute (a) the electric field in the air at a distance of

30 cm from a point charge 5.0 x 10-9 C, (b) the force on
the charge 4.0 x 10-10 C, (c) the force on the charge -4.0 x
10-10 C.
 QUIZ
1. How many electrons in 1 C?
2. What is the force of repulsion between two argon
nuclei that are separated by 1 x 10-9 m? The charge of
argon is 18 electrons.
3. Two nickel coins with identical charges are
separated by 1.5 m. If the forces exerted by the coins
to one another are both 2 N, what is the charge on
each coin?
4. A helium and neon nucleus are separated by the
distance by a distance of 3 nanometers. The charge of
the helium nucleus is 2e while that of neon nucleus is
10e. Find the magnitude of the electrostatics force
they exert to one another.
 ELECTRIC
POTENTIAL
 Electric Potential Energy
  potential energy due to a moving charge to a
moving charge changing displacement within
electric field provided by a rest charge

1 Volt = 1 Joule/Coulomb
The potential difference between two points in a
uniform electric field E is equal to the product of
E and the distance between them.
 Capacitor
- a device for storing electric charge.
 Capacitance
  the ability to store charge

C: capacitance
q: charge
V: potential difference

Unit: coulomb/volt or Farad

Michael Faraday
Dielectrics
 Parallel Plate Capacitor
  
The capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor
whose opposing plate faces, each of the area,
are separated by a small distance is given by

= 8.85 X 10-12 C2/(Nm)2

 Factors Affecting

 Area
 Distance

 Materials or

dielectrics
 Energy Stored in a
Capacitor
The
  energy stored in a capacitor in a capacitance
that has a charge and a potential difference.
 Sample Problem
1. The electric field in a certain neon sign is
5000V/m. a) What force does this field exert on a
neon ion of mass 3.3 x 10-26 kg and charge +e? b)
What is the acceleration of the ion?
2. A potential difference between a certain
thundercloud and the ground is 7 x 106 V. Find
the energy dissipated when a charge of 50 C is
transferred from the cloud to the ground in a
lightning stroke.
 Sample Problem
3. A potential difference of 20 V is applied across
two parallel metal plates, and an electric field of
500 V/m is produced. How far apart the plates?
4. What potential difference must be applied t
produced an electric field that can accelerate an
electron to a velocity of 107 m/s?
5. A 12-V storage battery is being charged at the
rate of 1 5 C/s. a) How much power is being used
to charge the battery? b) How much energy is
stored in the battery if its charged at this rate is 1 h?
 Sample Problem
6. 
What is the energy stored
What is the potential difference between the
plates of the capacitor
7. A capacitor consist of two square metal plates,
each measuring 5.00 x 10-2 m on a side. In between
the plates is a sheet of mica measuring 1.00 x 10-8
m thick. a) What is the capacitance of this
capacitor? b) If the charge in one plate is 2 x 10-8
C what is the potential difference between plated?
MAGNETIS
M
 Magnetism

a term used to
refer to the
ability of
lodestone to
attract iron.
 Classification of Magnets
 Natural magnet
 Artificial magnet
 Magnetic (ex. Iron, nickel, and cobalt)
 Nonmagnetic (ex. Wood, paper, and glass)

Retentivity is the ability of a magnetic material to

retain its magnetism after it has been magnetized.
 Magnetic Pole
 Discovered by Pierre de Maricourt in 1269
 North-seeking pole
 South-seeking pole
 Theories of Magnets
 Wilhelm Weber theorized that each atom of a
piece of magnetic materials is a magnet itself.
 Magnetic domain is when the atoms arranged
themselves into groups.
 Types of Magnetism
 Ferromagnetic materials are strongly attracted by
a magnet. It include iron, nickel, and cobalt. These
materials make strong permanent magnets.
 Paramagnetic materials includes the transition
metals, palladium, platinum, and the actinide
elements. They are weakly attracted to magnets.
 Diamagnetism is a weak response to a magnetic
field. Instead of attracted this materials are
repelled by a magnetic field like bismuth, copper,
gold, and lead, non-metals, water, and organic
materials.
 Law of Magnetic Poles
 John Michell discovered that the force of
attraction or repulsion between poles varies
inversely as the square of the distance between
them
 Charles de Coulomb proposed that this force
between poles is similar to the force of attraction
or repulsion between electric charge
 “The force between poles is directly proportional
to the product of the poles strengths and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between
them.”
 Magnetic Field
 A region around a   
magnet within which
it influences
magnetic materials
and other magnets.
 Definition of Terms
  
Magnetic flux is the number of line of force and
the unit is Wb (Weber).
 Magnetic field intensity is the flux per unit area
perpendicular to the field and unit is T (Tesla).
 Magnetic Force
  

 Lorentz Force is a force influenced by both

electric and magnetic force.
 Sample Problem
 A 0.75 m wire carries a current of 20l0 A. The
wire experience a force of 5.8 N In the presence
of a magnetic field of 0.5 T. What is the angle
between the magnetic field and the wire?
 Determine the magnetic force exerted on a 100
m length of an electric power line carrying a
current of 1 500 A in a location where Earth’s
magnetic field is 5 x 10-5 T. The line is 60
degrees with Earth’s field.
GEOMETRIC
OPTICS
 Theories About Light
 Wave theory
 Corpuscle particle theory
 Electromagnetic theory
 Quantum theory
 Reflection of Light
 is the turning back of light into the same
medium after striking a surface.
 Laws of Reflection
  
The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection.
 The incident ray, normal, and reflected ray lie
in one plane
 2 Types of Reflection
 Regular or specular reflection
 Diffused reflection
 REFRACTION
 is the change in the velocity of light when it
passes from one medium to another different
optical density
 Index of Refraction
   the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to
Is
the speed of light in the substance.

n is the index of refraction

c is the speed of light in the vacuum
v is the speed of light in the substance
Index of Refraction of some
Materials for Yellow Light
Material n
Air 1.0003

Ice (at 0 degrees Celsius) 1.309

Water 1.33

Fused quartz 1.46

Glass (crown) 1.523

Sapphire 1.77

Zirconium 2.2

Diamond 2.419
 Laws of Refraction
 The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the
normal lie in one plane.
 When a ray of light passes obliquely from an
optically denser medium to less dense it is
refracted away from the normal. When a ray
of light passes obliquely from an optically
less dense medium to denser medium, it is
refracted towards the normal.
 At perpendicular incidence, no bending of
light ray occurs.
 Cont….,
  
Snell’s law, named after the Dutch astronomer
and mathematician Willebrord Snell, states that
 Sample Problem
1. A zirconium plate has a thickness of 3 x 10-3 m.
Find the speed of light in zirconium and the time it
takes light to pass perpendicularly through the
plate.
2. Calculate the speed of light in diamond.
3. A glass plate is 0.06 cm thick and has a refractive
index of 1.55. How long does it take for a pulse of
light incident normally to pass through the plate?
4. A ray of light in air strikes a glass plate at
incidence angle of 500 . Determine the angles of the
refracted ray.
 Sample Problem
5. A beam of light strike the surface of water at an
incidence angle of 60 degrees. Determine the
direction of reflection and refraction.
6. The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. What is
the critical angle for light passing from diamond
to air?
7. What is the critical angle for light passing from
glass (n = 1.54) to water (n = 1.33)
 Lens Equation
  

+=
 Sample Problem
 An object is 5.0 cm in front of a convex lens of
focal length +7.5 cm Determine the size and
magnification of its image.
 An object 9.0 cm high, 27 cm in front of a
concave lens of focal length -18 cm. Determine
the position and magnification of the image.
 A converging lens (f = 20 cm) is placed 37 cm in
front of a screen. Where should the object be
placed if its image is to appear on screen.
MIRRORS
•Particles in a liquid are
much closer together than
particles in a gas. However,
unlike particles in a solid,
liquid particles are not
fixed
in position.
•They move about and
collide with one another.
Because of their
intermolecular forces,
liquid particles move
shorter distance before they
collide than to do the
particles in a gas.
Density
•The densities of the state of
matter are related to the
distance between particles.
Generally , liquids are denser

than gasses by a factor of

about 1000 and nearly as
dense
As you might expect,
most substances are denser
when solid than when liquid.
Because their molecule or
atoms are closer together. For
example, liquid aluminum at
659C has a density of
2.38g/ml
Viscosity
Liquids, like gases, are fluids.
A fluid is any substance that
can flow. Most liquids such as

water, alcohol, and gasoline-

flow readily, although not as
easily as gases.
Solids, in contrast, cannot be
observed to flow at all over
normal time periods, such as

days or weeks. The

resistance
of a substance to flow is its
viscosity.
In general the viscosity of
liquids is low, closer to the
low
viscosity of gases than to the
high viscosity of solids
However the viscosity of
different liquids are vary,
generally increasing with the
magnitude of their
intermolecular forces and
with
molecular size.
At the low end of the range is
liquid helium-3 below a
temperature of 2.1 K
(-271C). It has such a low
viscosity that when it is placed
in an open beaker, it actually
flows up the side and out of the
beaker.
At the other end of the
spectrum are such highly
viscous liquids as oils (castor
oil is about 100 times more
viscous than water), honey,
syrup, molasses, and hot tar, a
material used to pave roads
This viscosity of a liquid
generally decrease as the liquid
is heated, because heat energy
partially overcomes
intermolecular forces.
Ferro fluids, discussed in the
introduction normally have the
viscosity of oil, but they come
more viscous when placed in a
magnetic field