THE HUMAN

PERSON IN THE
ENVIRONMENT
Environmental Philosophy
or Enviromental Ethics
Is the discipline in philosophy that
studies the moral relationship of
human beings with the environment
and its non-human contents.

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 3
MAJOR VIEWS OR
CONCEPTS
regarding the relationship between
humanity and the environment

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 THREE MAJOR VIEWS
1. Anthropocentrism- Focuses on
the significant role of humankind
in the world and considers nature
as the means by which human
are able to meet their needs and
survive.

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 Human

Culture

Individualism

Mind

Calculative
Human over/against
environment
Global/technological

Based on this anthropocentric model of (Payne,2010), human are

superior and central to the unverse
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 THREE MAJOR VIEWS
2. Ecocentrism- places great value
on ecosystems and biological
communities. It believes that
humankind is a part of a greater
biological system or community
and that we have significant role
as a stewards or guardian of
nature. 6
 Nature

Wild

Holism

Nature/ cosmos

Body

Relational

Earth/ wisdom

Ecology/ against human

Based on this ecocentric model , the ecological or relational

integrity of human provides meaning of our morals and values
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 THREE MAJOR VIEWS
3. Biocentrism- believes that human
are not the only significant
species on the planet, and that all
organisms have inherent value
and should be protected

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3 MAJOR
VIEWS

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Environmental Aesthetics
Is one philosophical view that
believes maintaining order in the
environment will bring out the
natural beauty of the surroundings
and contribute to the well-being of
the people and other organisms
living in it.
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 “
According to (Payne, 2008) classrooms
cannot set aside the importance of aesthetics
as well as the environment that suggest
valuing that include: aesthetic appreciation;
enjoyment, relaxation, satisfaction, calm,
peace, social interaction, growth toward
holism and self-understanding.

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Philosophers
A. Ancient Thinkers

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Anaximander
The evolution of the world
begins with the generation
of opposites in a certain
region of Nature.

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 Pythagoras
He describe the universe as
living embodiment of
nature’s order, harmony and
beauty.

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Philosophers
A. Modern Thinkers

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Immanuel Kant
He believes that the
orderliness of nature and the
harmony of nature with our
faculties guide us toward a
deeper religious perspective.

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Herbert Marcuse
Humanity had dominated
the nature.

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George Herbert Mead
As human beings, we do not
have only rights but duties.
We are not only citizens of the
community but how we react
to this community and in our
reaction to it, change it.

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 Environmentalism
This perspective advocates to
address the growing environmental
problems.

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Theories to show care for
the environment

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 A. Deep Ecology
The controlling attitude of
humankind is extended to nature,
when in fact, humanity is part of
nature.

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 B. Social Ecology
Destroying nature is a reflection
wherein few people overpower
others while exploiting the
environment for profit or self-
interest.

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 C. Ecofeminism
Whatever is “superior’ is entitled
to whatever is “inferior.”

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 Sustainability or
Sustainable Development
It focuses on reconciling human
activities and economic development
with the protection of the environment.

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Three important principles in
sustainability

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 Three Principles
1. Environmental Integrity – refers
to maintaining the state of the
environment.

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 Three Principles
1. Economic Efficiency – refers to
prudence in decision-making
regarding the use of resources to
ensure that there is minimum to
zero waste.

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 Three Principles
1. Equity – demands that we use
our natural resources in such a
manner that these are conserved
so that the next generation will
be able to use them.

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Prudence and Frugality
towards environment

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 Erich Fromm
He proposed a new society
that should encourage the
emergence of a new human
being that will foster prudence
and moderation or frugality
towards environment.

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1. The willingness to give up all forms
of having, in order to fully be.
2. Being fully present where one is.
3. Trying to reduce greed, hate, and
illusions as much as one is capable.
4. Making the full growth of oneself
and of one’s fellow beings as the
supreme goal of living.

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5. Not deceiving others, but also not
being deceived by others , one
maybe called innocent, but not naïve
6. Freedom that is not arbitrariness but
the possibility to be oneself, not as a
bundle of greedy desires, but as a
delicately balanced structure that at
any moment is confronted with the
alternatives of growth or decay, life
or death
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7. Happiness in the process of ever-
growing aliveness, whatever the
further point is that fate permits one
to reach, for living as fully as one can
is with satisfactory that the concern
for one might or might not attain the
little chance to develop.

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8. Joy that comes from giving and
sharing, not from hoarding and
exploiting.
9. Developing one’s capacity for love,
together with one’s capacity for
critical unsentimental thought.
10.Shedding one’s narcissism and
accepting that tragic limitation
inherent in human existence.
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Thanks!

-GROUP 1

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