TYDAL POWER GENERATION

&
ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION

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 Structure:

• Tidal Energy
• Electricity Distribution

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TIDAL ENERGY

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 INTRODUCTION
• Tidal energy is a sustainable and renewable source
of energy from the tides.

• It can be harnessed to produce electricity.

• Tidal electricity provides a good alternative to

conventional methods of generating electricity,
thus reducing emissions of greenhouse and acid
gases.

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 TIDES

• Tides are caused through a combination of

forces created by the gravitational pull of the
sun, moon, and the rotation of the earth.

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• Moon exerts a larger gravitational pull on
water bodies as it is very closer to earth.

• This force of attraction causes the oceans, to

bulge along an axis pointing towards the
moon.

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 The tides contain energy that can be
harnessed to produce electricity

i. KINETIC ENERGY: can be harnessed from the

ebbing and surging tides.

ii. Potential energy: can be harnessed from

differences in the high and low tides.

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WORLD-WIDE DISTRIBUTION OF
TIDAL ENERGY

Red Area show maximum tidal activity 9

 TIDAL POWER
GENERATING METHODS
1. TIDAL FENCES : Block a channel, forcing water to flow
through it & turning its turbines to generate electricity.

2. TIDAL BARRAGES : Makes use of potential energy in the

difference of heights between high and low tides.

3. TIDAL TURBINES : Under-water turbines using the tides

to turn blades & generate electricity.

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TIDAL BARRAGES

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 Consists of three main parts:

1. Barrage: It acts much like a dam, holding

water to be released later.

2. Sluice gates: These gates allow water to flow

through the turbines. These may be flap gates,
radial gates or vertical rising gates.

3. Turbines: The turbines rotate as water flows

through them, which in turn rotates an
electricity producing generator.
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 When a tide comes onto the shore, it is
trapped in reservoirs constructed behind
barrages (dams).

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 When the tide drops, this collected water is
released and is then used like in a regular
hydropower project.

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• The tidal difference should be at least 4m
(around 13 ft).

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TIDAL TURBINES

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• Tidal turbines are placed under-water and
they rotate using the kinetic energy of tides.

• These turbines are in turn coupled to a

generator which produces electrical power.

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ASSEMBLY OF TIDAL TURBINES

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 HELICAL TURBINES

• Tidal energy can be

captured more
efficiently and
economically by using
helical turbines.
• These are smooth
running and self
starting with flow as
low as 0.6m/s.

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Efficiency of HELICAL TURBINES
is 68%

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 POWER FLOW GRAPH

• The helical turbine rotates

on a shaft with a pulley 2500

that runs an alternator by 2000

means of a belt.

Power (watts)
1500

• Power output increases 8 1000

times when velocity of the 500

flow doubles. 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
• Hence, helical turbines are Free Flow (Ft/sec)

very efficient and reliable.

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 TUBULAR TURBINES

In tubular turbines the blades are connected

to a shaft which is oriented at an angle that
allows the generator to be at the top of the
barrage.

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 SHROUDED TIDAL TURBINES

• Emerging tidal turbine technology.

• Turbine is enclosed in a duct producing a sub

atmosphere of low pressure behind the
turbine.

• The shroud increases the flow velocity by

about 3-4 times the normal velocity thereby
allowing the turbine to operate at higher
outputs
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 INSTALLATION COSTS OF TURBINES
($/kW)

14000
13000
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0

R D O A
R A
L IL A
S
A
L
LA IN D
R
LE O O G D
SO W
H
Y C C TI
U
N

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 TIDAL ENERGY : AN ECONOMICAL
OPTION

• The investment in installation and equipment of

a tidal-energy station is only 50% of the
comparable solar option.

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• The operating costs of a tidal-energy station
are less than 60% of those of the comparable
diesel option.

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 TIDAL POWER POTENTIAL

• About 3000GW of energy is available from the

tides, worldwide.

• Only 2% of this i.e. 60GW can potentially be

exploited for electricity generation.

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Tidal power generation of various countries:

1. France :: 260MW
2. Canada :: 34MW
3. China :: 8MW
4. Russia :: 2MW

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 TIDAL POWER PLANTS
WORLD-OVER
1. LA-RANCE TIDAL PLANT (FRANCE)

2. SEVERN BARRAGE PLANT (ENGLAND)

3. TIDAL BARRAGE ON BAY OF FUNDY

4. TIDAL BARRAGE IN KISLAYA (RUSSIA)

5. GAROLIM BAY (SOUTH KOREA)

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 LA-RANCE TIDAL PLANT

• La-Rance tidal power plant is on river Rance in

France and is a very reliable source of
electricity for France.

• It is the barrage method of extracting tidal

energy and is the largest tidal power plant in
the world.

• It has an installed capacity of 240MW.

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LENGTH of BARRAGE = 750m HEIGHT of BARRAGE =
13m
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 With 24 turbines and total power capacity of
240MW, La-Rance tidal power plant accounts
for 90% of total ocean energy exploited
worldwide.

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 SEVERN TIDAL BARRAGE
• Situated on river Severn in Bristol (UK).

• The plant has a power capacity of 35MW.

• Produces 8500-14,000GW/hr.

• Meets about 6% of total British energy consumption.

• The length of the barrage is 10.6Km.

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 KISLAYA TIDAL PLANT

• The Kislaya Guba Tidal Power Station is an

experimental project in Kislaya Guba, Russia.

• The station is the world 4th largest tidal power

plant with the output capacity of 1.8 MW.

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TIDAL ENERGY : INDIAN SCENARIO

• Most attractive locations for harnessing tidal

energy are
1. Gulf of Kutch
2. Gulf of Cambay
3. Ganges deltas in Sunderbans

• Identified tidal power potential is 8000-

9000MW with 7000MW in Gulf of Cambay and
150MW in Sunderbans.
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ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION

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OVERVIEW OF DISTRIBUTION OF
ELECTRICITY IN INDIA

- as per the Ministry of Power,

Government of India
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• Apart from an extensive transmission system
network at 500kV HVDC, 400kV, 220kV,
132kV and 66kV which has developed to
transmit the power from the generating
station to the grid substations, a vast network
of subtransmission in distribution systems has
also come up for the utilisation of the power
by the ultimate consumers.

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Electricity distribution is the final stage in the
delivery (before retail) of electricity to end
users.
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A TYPICAL DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM CONSISTS OF:

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• Medium-voltage (less than 50 kV) power
lines

• Electrical substations and pole-mounted

transformers

• Low-voltage (less than 1 kV) distribution

wiring

• and sometimes electricity meters.

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SUBSTATIONS

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• A substation is a high-voltage electric system
facility. It is used to switch generators,
equipment, and circuits or lines in and out of a
system. It also is used to change AC voltages
from one level to another, and/or change
alternating current to direct current or direct
current to alternating current.

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 ASPECTS OF SUBSTATION

• Types
• Functions
• Equipment

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 1. TYPES OF SUBSTATIONS

• Step up transformer substation

• Step down transformer substation

• Distribution substation

• Underground distribution substation

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DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION

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• Distribution substations are located near to
the end-users. Distribution substation
transformers change the transmission or
subtransmission voltage to lower levels for
use by end-users.
• From here the power is distributed to
industrial, commercial, and residential
customers.

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UNDERGROUND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION SYSTEM
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2. SUBSTATION FUNCTIONS

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• Change voltage from one level to another

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• Regulate voltage to compensate for system
voltage changes

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• Switch transmission and distribution circuits
into and out of the grid system

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• Measure electric power qualities flowing in
the circuits

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• Connect communication signals to the circuits

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• Eliminate lightning and other electrical surges
from the system

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• Connect electric generation plants to the
system 

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• Make interconnections between the electric
systems of more than one utility

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• Control reactive kilovolt-amperes supplied to
and the flow of reactive kilovolt-amperes in
the circuits

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3. SUBSTATION EQUIPMENTS

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Air circuit breakers

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• Air circuit breakers are used to interrupt
circuits while current flows through them.
Compressed air is used to quench the arc
when the connection is broken.

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Lightning arresters

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• Lightning arresters  are protective devices for
limiting surge voltages due to lightning strikes or
equipment faults or other events, to prevent
damage to equipment and disruption of
service. Also called surge arresters.
Lightning arresters are installed on many different
pieces of equipment such as power poles and
towers, power transformers, circuit breakers, bus
structures, and steel superstructures in
substations.

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Distribution Bus

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Metal-clad Switchgear

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• Metal-clad Switchgear can be either for
outdoor use or indoor use. Outdoor -is a
weatherproof housing for circuit breakers,
protective relays, meters, current
transformers, potential transformers, bus
conductors, and other equipment. An indoor
switchgear must be protected from the
environment and contains the same types of
equipment as the outdoor type.

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Control House

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• The substation control house contains
switchboard panels, batteries, battery
chargers, supervisory control, power-line
carrier, meters, and relays. The control house
provides all weather protection and security
for the control equipment. It is also called a
doghouse.

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Oil Circuit Breakers

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• Oil circuit breakers are used to switch circuits
and equipment in and out of a system in a
substation. They are oil filled to provide
cooling and to prevent arcing when the switch
is activated.

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Potheads and Riser

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• Pothead is a type of insulator with a bell or pot-like shape
used to connect underground electrical cables to overhead
lines. It serves to separate the bunched-up conductors from
one another in the cable to the much wider separation in the
overhead line. It also seals the cable end from the weather.
Potheads are mounted on a distribution pole and the
assembly is called a riser pole.
• A riser is a set of devices that connects an overhead line to an
underground line. A riser has a conduit from the ground up
the pole where potheads are used to connect to the overhead
lines.

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Manholes and Conduit

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• A manhole is the opening in the underground duct system
which houses cables splices and which cablemen enter to pull
in cable and to make splices and tests. Also called a splicing
chamber or cable vault.
• Conduits Conduits are hollow tubes running from manhole to
manhole in an underground transmission or distribution
system. They can contain one or more ducts (See Duct Runs).
They can be made of plastic (PVC), fiberglass, fiber, tile,
concrete, or steel. PVC and fiberglass are most commonly
used.

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High Voltage Underground
Cables

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• High-Voltage underground cables are usually shielded
cables. They are made with a conductor, conductor-
strand shielding, insulation, semi-conducting insulation
shielding, metallic insulation shielding, and a sheath.
The sheath can be metallic and may then serve as the
metallic insulation shielding and be covered with a
nonmetallic jacket to protect the sheath. This sheath
helps to reduce or eliminate inductive reactance. Such
cables are commonly used in circuits operating at 2400
volts or higher.

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Transformer Vault

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• A transformer vault is a structure or room in
which power transformers, network
protectors, voltage regulators, circuit
breakers, meters, etc. are housed.

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Underground Transformer

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• An underground transformer is essentially the
same as an aboveground transformer, but is
constructed for the particular needs of
underground installation. Vault type, pad-
mounted, submersible, and direct-buried
transformers are used in underground
systems. Pad-mounted transformers are
installed on a concrete pad on the surface
near the end-user.

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Circuit Diagram of the 66kV Substation in
Sector 15, Panchkula

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 TERMS RELATED TO
CALCULATION OF LOAD IN OUR
HOMES

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 Connected Load

The connected load of a consumer means the

sum of the continuous ratings of all the
devices and outlets installed on the
distribution circuit.

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 Maximum Demand

The maximum demand of a consumer means

the maximum power that his circuit is likely to
draw at any time.

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 If all the devices and outlets were used
simultaneously to the full extent, the
maximum demand of the consumer would
equal his connected load

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 Demand Factor

Maximum Demand
Demand factor =
____________________
Connected load

The demand factor indicates the contribution

of the device towards the maximum demand
of the consumer.

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LOAD CURVE

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 TWO PART TARIFF

a kW + b kWh

where:
a= cost of power provided (`/kW)
kW= power provided
b= cost of one unit i.e. 1 kWh (`/kWh)
kWh= energy consumed

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• We use TWO PART TARIFF because
• If tariff is based on the power provided(max
demand), consumers will be tempted to utilise
all the power provided causing overloading.
• If tariff is based on energy consumption, the
board will still have to provide max demand
and will have to plan accordingly. They might
have to suffer loss because of this.

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• The load on an installation is 800kW, 0.8pf,
3000hr p.a. Tariff is: `100/kVA, 20 paise/kWh
• If pf is improved to 0.9 lagging by means of
capacitor costing 60/Kvar, calculate the
annual saving at 10% p.a. as the interest
charged on capacitor.

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Thank You

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