Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Kyoto Protocol: - :prepared By:-Andharia Jigar K. (150010721001) - :guided By: - Prof. Maharshi Thakkar
Kyoto Protocol: - :prepared By:-Andharia Jigar K. (150010721001) - :guided By: - Prof. Maharshi Thakkar
PROTOCOL
-:Prepared By:-
Andharia Jigar K.
(150010721001)
-:Guided By:-
Prof. Maharshi Thakkar
Introduction
The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), aimed at
fighting global warming.
Brown = Countries that have signed and ratified the treaty
(Annex I & II countries in dark brown)
Blue = No intention to ratify at this stage.
Dark blue = Canada, which withdrew from the Protocol in December 2011.
Grey = no position taken or position unknown
Kyoto Parties with first period (08-12) greenhouse gas
emissions limitations targets and the percentage change in
their carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion b/w
1990 and 2009
Objectives
Under the Protocol, 37 countries ("Annex I countries") commit
themselves to a reduction of four greenhouse gases (GHG)
(carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur hexafluoride)
and two groups of gases (hydro fluorocarbons and per
fluorocarbons) produced by them, and all member countries give
general commitments.
At negotiations, Annex I countries (including the US) collectively
agreed to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2% on
average for the period 2008-2012.
Since the US has not ratified the treaty, the collective emissions
reduction of Annex I Kyoto countries falls from 5.2 % to 4.2%
below base year
Objectives
Each Annex I Party has a binding commitment to limit or reduce GHG
emissions and innovative mechanisms have been established for Parties
to facilitate compliance with this commitment.
Other commitments include:
• Each Annex I Party must undertake domestic policies and measures to
reduce GHG emissions and to enhance removals by sinks;
• In implementing these policies and measures, each Annex I Party must
strive to minimize any adverse impact of these policies and measures on
other Parties, particularly developing country Parties;
• Annex I Parties must provide additional financial resources to advance
the implementation of commitments by developing countries;
• Both Annex I and non-Annex I Parties must cooperate in the areas of:
(a) The development, application and diffusion of climate friendly
technologies;
(b) Research on and systematic observation of the climate system;
(c) Education, training, and public awareness of climate change;
(d) The improvement of methodologies and data for GHG inventories
Major Greenhouse Gas trends
2012 Emission Targets
Liechtenstein – 92%
Austria – 87% Lithuania – 92%
Belarus – 95% Luxembourg – 72%
Belgium – 92.5% Netherlands – 94%
Bulgaria – 92% New Zealand – 100%
Canada – 94% Norway – 101%
Croatia – 95% Poland – 94%
Czech Republic – 92% Portugal – 127%
Denmark – 79% Romania – 92%
Estonia – 92% Russian Federation – 100%
Finland – 100% Slovakia – 92%
France – 100% Slovenia – 92%
Germany – 79% Spain – 115%
Greece – 125% Sweden – 104%
Hungary – 94%
United Kingdom – 87.5%
Iceland – 110%
United States of America –
Ireland – 113%
93%
The Kyoto Mechanisms
1. International Emissions Trading (IET)
Under this mechanism, an Annex I Party may transfer Kyoto units
to or acquire units from another Annex I Party.
Emissions trading does not affect the total assigned amount of
Annex I Parties collectively; rather, it re-distributes the assigned
amount among them.
A Party may acquire an unlimited number of units.
The number of units that a Party may transfer to other Parties
is limited by the Party’s commitment period reserve (CPR).
The CPR is the minimum level of units that a Party must hold in its
national registry at all times. The requirement for each Party to
maintain a CPR prevents a Party from over-transferring units, and
thus impair its ability to meet its commitments
The Kyoto Mechanisms
2. Joint implementation (JI)
It is a project-based mechanism by which one Annex I Party can invest in a
project that reduces emissions or enhances sequestration in another Annex
I Party, and receive credit for the emission reductions or removals achieved
through that project.
The unit associated with JI is called an emission reduction unit (ERU).
The total projected emission savings from JI by 2012 are about one tenth
that of the CDM.
Russia accounts for about two-thirds of these savings, with the remainder
divided up roughly equally between the Ukraine and the EU's New Member
States.
The Kyoto Mechanisms
3. Clean Development Mechanism
CDM credits may be generated from emission reduction projects or from
afforestation and reforestation projects in non-Annex I Parties.
Unlike emissions trading and JI, projects under the CDM create new Kyoto units
and their acquisition by Annex I Parties increases both the total assigned amount
available for those Annex I Parties collectively and their allowable level of
emissions.
CDM projects result in three types of Kyoto units.
Certified emission reductions (CERs) are issued for projects that reduce emissions
Temporary CERs (tCERs)
Long-term CERs (lCERs) both of which may be issued for projects that enhance
removals through afforestation and reforestation projects.
Investment
Revenues
Top 5 Emitters
Emissions as a percentage of the global total, per
capita emissions in tons of GHG per capita
China 15%, 5.8
United States 16%, 24.1
European Union 11%, 10.6
Indonesia 6%, 12.9
India 5%, 2.1
No details on specific policies and measures to
meet reduction targets.
No commitments from developing nations.
No details on implementing permits system
including penalties.
No details on funding mechanisms for
developing nations.
‘bunkers fuels’ issue unresolved (i.e. The fuel
used in shipping and air travels).
Why U.S. won’t Ratify…
The United States has not ratified the Kyoto Protocol, but it
hasn't withdrawn from it, either
The main objection of the US to ratification is regarding the
nature of participation of developing countries. The US will not
ratify the Protocol unless developing countries are also
required to keep greenhouse gas levels at targeted minimums.
The US feels that the Kyoto Protocol is unfair in that countries
like itself will be harmed economically because they will have
to make the most changes in order to adhere to targeted levels
of CO2 levels set forth in the Kyoto Protocol.
Recent Advances in Kyoto Protocol
May 2011: Russia, Japan and Canada told the G8 they
would not join a second round of carbon cuts under the
Kyoto Protocol at United Nations talks and the US
reiterated it would remain outside the treaty. They
argued that the Kyoto format did not require developing
countries, including China, the world’s No. 1 carbon
emitter, to make targeted emission cuts.
Aug 2011: The European Union, the major developing
countries, and most African and Pacific island nations
declared that they would like to see the Kyoto process
extended as a prelude to a more ambitious, binding
international agreement that would take effect by 2020.
India and Kyoto Protocol
India will not sign any legally binding global agreement
for emission reduction as the country needs to
eradicate poverty through economic growth
India argues that since the CO2 in the atmosphere is
from developed countries it is their responsibility to cut
down the emissions. However India will make all efforts
to cut down on green house gas emissions but that
would be voluntary
India being a developing country is still not stable
enough to take up global warming as the emission cuts
will slow down its development and cripple it
economically
Thank you…