The Levels of Communication: Adapted From Mastering Public Speaking, by George L. Grice and John F. Skinner

The Levels of
Communication
Adapted from Mastering Public Speaking,

by George L. Grice and John F. Skinner
To Communicate . . .
 The Latin verb communicare means “to

make common to many, share, impart,
divide.”
Simply stated . . .
 When you communicate you share, or
make common, your knowledge and
ideas with someone else.
 Communication, then, is the sharing of
meaning by
sending
and receiving
symbolic cues.
Charles Ogen & I. A. Richard’s
Triangle of Meaning
 The interpreter
– The person who is communicating, with
words or symbols
 The symbol
– Anything to which people attach or assign
a meaning
 The referent
– The object or idea for which the symbol
stands
The Triangle of Meaning
Interpreter
(Speaker or Listener)
Symbol ……… Referent

Five Levels of Public Speaking:
 1) intrapersonal
Intrapersonal Communication
 The type of communication a person

has with himself, thus the prefix “intra-”
which means within.
 As soon as a human being awakens, he

begins an internal thought process and
dialogue, almost always silent, but
sometimes aloud.
 2) interpersonal
Interpersonal Communication
 Interpersonal communication takes

place between two people.
 This type of communication varies

depending on the relationship between
the two individuals.
 3) group
Group Communication
 Group communication occurs when

three or more individuals, who have a
common goal, interact either formally or
informally.
 4) public
Public Communication
 Public communication takes place when

one or more individuals communicate
with a large group in a more “one-
directional” approach.
 5) mass communication
Mass Communication
 Mass communication occurs when

extremely large groups receive
information, like a television audience
watching a news broadcast, as well as
the intermittent commercial advertising.
 1) intrapersonal
 2) interpersonal
 3) group
 4) public
 5) mass communication
Linear Model of Communication
 The speaker—the sender, the encoder,

or source of the message.
The
Speaker
 Encoding—the process of putting

ideas into symbols to carry a message.
The Speech
Text
The
Speaker
 Message—ideas communicated
verbally and nonverbally.
The Message
The
Speaker A speaker sends a message to a listener.
 Listener—the receiver or decoder of

the message
The Message
The
 Decoding—the process of attaching

meanings to symbols received.
Decoding
The Message
The
 The speaker—the sender, the encoder, or

source of the message.
 Encoding—the process of putting ideas into
symbols to carry a message.
 Message—ideas communicated verbally and
nonverbally.
 Listener—the receiver or decoder of the
message
 Decoding—the process of attaching
meanings to symbols received.
The The Message The

Speaker Listener
A speaker sends a message to a listener.
Problems with Linear Model
of Communication
 #1—The assumption that a person is
either the sender or a receiver of
messages.
 Actually, we perform both of these roles
simultaneously.
Problems with Linear Model
of Communication
 #2—The suggestion that
communication involves only one
message.
 Actually, there are as many messages
as there are communicators involved,
and the message the sender intends is
never identical to the one received.
Interactive Model of Communication
 When scholars began to see the

limitations of the linear model of
communication, they added other
components to the speaker, message,
and listener making a total of 7
components:
channel, feedback, environment, and
noise
 Channel—the medium, or the way the

message is sent.
 Feedback—includes all messages,

verbal and nonverbal, sent by listeners
to speakers.
 Environment—the physical setting and

the occasion for communication.
 Noise—anything that distracts from

effective communication; some form of
noise is always present.
 Channel—the medium, or the way the

message is sent.
 Feedback—includes all messages, verbal
and nonverbal, sent by listeners to speakers.
 Environment—the physical setting and the
occasion for communication.
 Noise—anything that distracts from effective
communication; some form of noise is always
present.
Noise
 Physical noise—distractions
originating in the communication
environment.
Noise
 Physiological noise—distractions
originating in the bodies of
communicators—cold, headache,
hunger, fatigue.
Noise
 Psychological noise—distractions
originating in the thoughts of
communicators—anxiety, daydreaming,
worry.
Noise
 Physical noise—distractions originating in

the communication environment.
 Physiological noise—distractions originating
in the bodies of communicators—cold,
headache, hunger, fatigue.
 Psychological noise—distractions
originating in the thoughts of communicators
—anxiety, daydreaming, worry.
CHANNEL
Message
SPEAKER LISTENER
Environment
Environment
Decoder
Encoder
Noise
No
oise is e
N
Decoder Encoder
Feedback
Interactive Model of
CHANNEL Communication
The Levels of
Communication
Adapted from Mastering Public Speaking,

by George L. Grice and John F. Skinner

The Levels of Communication: Adapted From Mastering Public Speaking, by George L. Grice and John F. Skinner

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The Levels of

Adapted from Mastering Public Speaking,

 The Latin verb communicare means “to

Symbol ……… Referent

 The type of communication a person

 As soon as a human being awakens, he

 Interpersonal communication takes

 This type of communication varies

 Group communication occurs when

 Public communication takes place when

 Mass communication occurs when

 The speaker—the sender, the encoder,

 Encoding—the process of putting

 Listener—the receiver or decoder of

 Decoding—the process of attaching

 The speaker—the sender, the encoder, or

The The Message The

 When scholars began to see the

 Channel—the medium, or the way the

 Feedback—includes all messages,

 Environment—the physical setting and

 Noise—anything that distracts from

 Channel—the medium, or the way the

 Physical noise—distractions originating in

Adapted from Mastering Public Speaking,

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