GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,AURANGABAD

Load frequency control

Presented by:-
Miss. Shruti Deshmukh
 CONTENTS
Introduction
Load frequency control
Turbine speed governing system
Model of speed governing system
Turbine model
Generator load model
Steady state analysis
Dynamic response
Proportional plus integral
Continued….
Load dispatch control
Two area load frequency control
Optimal(two area) load frequency control
 INTRODUCTION
Active and reactive power demands in power system are
never steady and they continuously change with the
rising or falling trend.
Steam input to turbo-generators must be continuously
regulated to match the active power demand.
Active power variation leads to change in speed of the
machine that causes change in frequency which may be
highly undesirable.
Maximum permissible change in power frequency is ±
0.5 Hz.
 LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL
Load frequency control, as the name signifies, fulfilling
the active power demand by maintaining the frequency
constant i.e. within the specified limits.
In electric grid all synchronous generators operate in
synchronism and deliver the power to the load.
As load on the generator increases, the rotor of
synchronous generator slows down resulting in reduction
in the frequency of the grid. The governors associated
with the generators acts and tries to bring back the
frequency to the normal value.
Governors control the frequency by controlling the
steam supply to the turbine or water supply to the
turbine.
 TURBINE SPEED
GOVERNING SYSTEM
1) Fly Ball Speed Governor:
This is the heart of the system which senses the change in
speed (frequency). As the speed increases the fly ball move
outwards and the point B moves downwards. The reverse
happens when the speed decreases.

2) Hydraulic amplifier:
It comprises a pilot valve and main piston arrangement.
Low power level movement is converted into high power
level piston valve movement. This is necessary in order to
open or close the steam valve against high pressure steam.
3) Linkage mechanism:
ABC is rigid link pivoted at B and CDE is another rigid
link pivoted at D. This rigid link provides a movement to
the control valve in proportion to change in speed. It also
provides a feedback from the steam valve movement.

4) Speed changer:
It provides a steady state power output setting for the
turbine. Its downward movement opens the upper pilot
valve so that more steam is admitted to the turbine under
steady conditions. The reverse happens for upward
movement of speed changer.
 MODEL OF SPEED
GOVERNING SYSTEM
 f 0 =system frequency

PG0 = generator output

YE0 = steam valve setting

ΔYA= KcΔPC …(1.1)

ΔYC==-k1ΔYA+k2Δf

=-k1kCΔPC+k2Δf …(1.2)

ΔYD= ΔyC + ΔYE

= k3ΔYC + k4ΔYE …(1.3)

 ΔYE = k5 …(1.4)

Taking the Laplace transforms of eqn (1.2), (1.3), and (1.4)

ΔYC(s) = -k1kCΔPC(s)+ k2ΔF(s) …(1.5)

ΔYD(s)= k3ΔYC(s) + k4ΔYE(s) …(1.6)

ΔYE(s) = -k5ΔYD(s) …(1.7)

ΔYE(s) =

=x …(1.8)

Where,

R = = speed regulation of the governor

= = gain of speed governor

Tsg= = time constant of speed governor

Fig. Block diagram representation of speed governor system

TURBINE MODEL
 GENRATOR LOAD MODEL
The
 increment in power input to the generator load system is
ΔPG – ΔPD
The stored energy in the generator rotor at scheduled frequency ( f 0)
W0ke = H x Pr kWs (kilojoules)
The kinetic energy at a frequency of ( f 0+ Δ f ) is
Wke = W0ke
≃HPr …(2.1)
Rate of change of kinetic energy is
(Wke) = ( ) …(2.2)
()Δ=BΔ …(2.3)
 power balance equation
Writing
ΔPG– ΔPD = () + B
ΔPG(pu) – ΔPD(pu) = () + B(pu) …(2.4)
Taking the Laplace transform, we can write ΔF(s) as
ΔF(s) =
= x …(2.5)
Where
Tps= = power system time constant
Kps= = power system gain

Fig. Block diagram representation of generator load model

STEADY STATE ANALYSIS

Fig. steady state characteristic

 DYNAMIC RESPONSE
1

T
sg< Tt<< Tps

Typically
Tsg= 0.4s, Tt= 0.5s, Tps=
20s
Δ = - 0.029
Steady
state

Fig. Dynamic response of change in frequency for a step change in load

PROPORTIONAL PLUS
INTEGRAL

Fig. Dynamic response of load frequency controller with

and without integral control action
ECONOMIC DISPATCH CONTROL
• The operation of generation facilities to produce energy
at lowest cost to reliably serve consumers, recognizing
any operational limits of generation and transmission
facilities.
• Most electric power system dispatch their own
generating units and their own purchased power in a way
that may be said to meet this definition.
• The factors influencing power generation at minimum
cost are:
 Operating efficiencies of generators
 Fuel cost and transmission losses
• Load frequency control with integral controller achieves
the zero steady state frequency error and a fast dynamic
response, but in exercises no control over the relative
loadings of various generating stations of the control
area.
• Sudden small increases in load occurs in the control area,
the load frequency control changes the speed changer
setting the governors of all generating unit of that area.
• In this process changing in the loading of various
generating unit in a manner independent of economic
loading consideration.
• Some of the unit gets overloaded.
• A satisfactory solution is achieved by using independent
controls for a load frequency and economic dispatch as load
frequency controller is a fast acting control and regulates
the system around an operating point.
• The economic dispatch controller is a slow acting control,
which adjust the speed changer setting every minute in
accordance with a command signal generated by the central
economic dispatch computer.
• In fig shows both these controls of typical units of a control
area.
• The signal to change the speed changer setting is
constructed in accordance with economic dispatch error,
[PG(desired) –PG(actual)] integral ACE at instant of time.
Fig: Control area load frequency and economic despatch control
The signal PG(desired) is computed by the central economic
dispatch computer (CEDC) and is transmitted to the
local economic dispatch controller (EDC)installed at
each station .
The system thus operates with economic dispatch error
only for very short periods of time before readjusted.
TWO AREA LOAD FREQUENCY
A number of load frequency control area interconnected
by means of tie lines.

Fig : Two interconnected control areas

The control objective now is to regulate the frequency of

each area and simultaneously regulate the tie line power as
per inter-area power constant.
As in case of frequency, proportional plus integral
controller will be installed so as to give zero steady state
error in tie line power flow as compared to the contracted
power.
Control area is represented by an equivalent turbine ,
generator and governor system.
In an isolated control area case the incremental power
(ΔPG-ΔPD) was accounted for the rate of increase of
stored kinetic energy and increase in frequency.
Since a tie line transports power in or out of an area, this
fact must be accounted for in the incremental power
balance equation of each area.
Power transported out the area 1 is given by

δ1˚δ2˚= Power angles of equivalent machines of the two area

OPTIMAL(TWO AREA)LOAD
FREQUENCY CONTROL
Modern control theory is applied to design an optimal
load frequency controller for a two area system.
Dynamic response is difficult to obtain by transfer
function approach because of the complexity of blocks
and multi-input and multi output situation.
The result in two area system obtained through digital
computer study in the form of dotted line as shown in fig
the two area are assumed to be identical with the system
parameters.
Fig: Change in tie line power due to step load change in load area 1

Fig: Change in frequency of area 1 due to step load change in area 1

• As the control area extend over a vast geographical
regions, there are two ways of obtaining full state
information in each area for control purposes.
a. Transport the state information of the distant area over
communication channels and this expensive.
b. Generate all the state locally by means of observer by
processing the local output signal.
• An observer being itself a high order system, renders
the overall system highly complex and result in impairing
system stability and dynamic response which is meant to
be improved through optimal control.
Because of the above mentioned difficulties
encountered in implementation of an optimal control
load frequency scheme, it is preferable to use sub
optimal scheme employing only local state of area.
THANK YOU