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Chapter 1 Introbaisics
Chapter 1 Introbaisics
by
Dr Irfan Ul-Haq
Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)
• To demonstrate understanding of the Laws of
Thermodynamics by applying to a given problem
• To present solution of a given Thermodynamics
problem related to energy interaction
• To analysis the Thermodynamics Systems by
applying fundamental knowledge of Thermodynamics
Course Contents
• Text Book
“Thermodynamics – An Engineering Approach” , by Cengel /
Boles, McGraw Hills 7th Edition
• Reference Books
“Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics”, by Moran
Michael, John Wiley Inc.
Lectures Strategy
Total 100%
Advise : Never worry for marks & Exams, you will always
succeed if you attain & retain knowledge and develop ability to
apply it ; Continuous Study Habits (CSH)
Chapter 1
Introduction and Basic Concepts
Introduction and Basic Concepts
Application Areas of Thermodynamics
Some SI and English Units
The State & Processes
The Steady-Flow Process; Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Temperature Scales
Pressure and its measurements
Summary
Problems
Thermodynamics – I
Thermodynamics: Meaning
• Name stems from Greek words:
–Therme (heat)
–Dynamis (power)
• Name describes early efforts to convert heat into
power
• Origin is very old, however, scope widened
since the middle of nineteenth century
Definition of Thermodynamics
• Basic science that deals with energy.
• We all know that energy is neither created nor
destroyed – but it is transformed.
• Thus thermodynamics is a science dealing with:
– energy transformations, including heat and work
– physical properties of the substances that are
involved in energy transformations
Engineering Thermodynamics
• Engineering thermodynamics is that part of the
science that deals with:
– all types of heat engines or power plants (stationary
or vehicular)
– refrigeration, air conditioning, combustion, the
compression and expansion of fluids
– chemical processing plants, and the physical
properties of the substances used in these and other
applications.
• Examples are:
– Gas Turbine engines, automobile engine,
refrigerator, Heating plants etc.
Summarizing
• In short we can say that study of engineering
thermodynamics includes:
–All aspects of energy and energy transformations
–Power production (heat engines, combustion)
–Compression and expansion of fluids
–Refrigeration
–Relationships among physical properties of matter
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• Classical Thermodynamics:
–Takes the macroscopic or large scale view of the
problem in hand (Physics oriented)
• Statistical Thermodynamics:
–Looks at individual molecules and their internal
structure for solution of the problem (Chemistry
oriented)
System
Boundary
E System
• System boundary
may be fixed or
moveable
Matter
Water Energy
Heater
Energy
Matter
OPEN SYSTEM (Control Volume)
A control volume is an enclosure that separates a
quantity of matter from the surroundings or
environment.
The enclosure does not necessarily have to consist of
a solid boundary like the walls of a vessel.
It is only necessary that the enclosure:
Forms a closed surface and
Its properties are defined everywhere.
An enclosure may transmit heat or be a heat insulator.
It may be deformable and thus capable of transmitting
work to the system.
It may also be capable of transmitting mass.
Art 1.4, page 12 (text)
Properties of a System
PROPERTY: any observable characteristics of a system e.g.
Pressure
Temperature
Volume
Mass
Density
Modulus of elasticity
Viscosity - etc.
PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM
• Types of property are:
–Intensive – independent of size of the system,
e.g. temperature, pressure, density etc.
–Extensive – values depend upon size or
extent of the system, e.g. mass, volume, total
energy etc.
• Specific property: extensive properties per
unit mass
To Summarize:
Types of Properties of a System are:
• Intensive
–Does not depend on the system’s size
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Extensive
–Depend on the system’s size
• Volume
• Mass
• Total Energy
We often define properties in terms of other
properties
• Density
r = m/V
• Specific Volume
v = V/m = 1/r
• We can define most of the extensive properties
per unit mass and call them specific properties;
e.g.
u = U/m is the specific internal energy
Art 1.5, page 13 (text)
Directly Observable Properties
• Density
• Specific Volume
• Specific Weight
• Relative Density
• Weight
Some Directly Observable Properties
• Some important properties those are
independent of laws of thermodynamics:
• Density (ρ): mass per unit volume
mass m
r
volume V
V 1
v
m r
Some Directly Observable Properties
Weight:
– Force of gravity on a substance
– Depends upon both the mass and gravity
– If only force acting on the body is its weight, the resulting
acceleration is g, the Newton’s 2nd law F=ma becomes:
w mg
divide both sides by V
w m
g
V V
rg This represents basic equation
between specific weight, density,
and gravitational acceleration
Art 1.6, page 14 (text)
State & Equilibrium
State
• Set of properties that completely describe the system
• At a given state all properties of a system have fixed
value
• If value of even one property changes, the state will
change to a different one
Equilibrium
P
State 2
P2
Process Path
State 1
P1
V2 V1 V
QUASI-EQUILIBRIUM STATE and
QUASI-STATIC PROCESS
Sufficiently slow
process, system
adjusts itself internally
to cause uniform
change in properties
Process proceeds
such that system
remains infinitesimally
close to equilibrium
state at all times
State Postulate
S Thermodynamic
Type of Thermometer Symbol
No Property
Constant Volume Gas
1 Pressure P
Thermometer
Types of Thermometer
S Thermodynamic
Type of Thermometer Symbol
No Property
Constant Volume Gas
1 Pressure P
Thermometer
Constant Pressure Gas
2 Volume V
Thermometer
Types of Thermometer
S Thermodynamic
Type of Thermometer Symbol
No Property
Constant Volume Gas
1 Pressure P
Thermometer
Constant Pressure Gas
2 Volume V
Thermometer
Electrical Resistance
3 Resistance R
Thermometer
Types of Thermometer
S Thermodynamic
Type of Thermometer Symbol
No Property
Constant Volume Gas
1 Pressure P
Thermometer
Constant Pressure Gas
2 Volume V
Thermometer
Electrical Resistance
3 Resistance R
Thermometer
4 Thermocouple Thermal emf ε
Types of Thermometer
S Thermodynamic
Type of Thermometer Symbol
No Property
Constant Volume Gas
1 Pressure P
Thermometer
Constant Pressure Gas
2 Volume V
Thermometer
Electrical Resistance
3 Resistance R
Thermometer
4 Thermocouple Thermal emf ε
5 Mercury in Glass Length L
Temperature Scales
P
F
In SI units, pressure is Pa 2
N
A expressed in Pascal [Pa] m
1 atm = 101,325 Pa
Pressure to
be measured
pgage
Surroundings
pabs
Patm
Vacuum
Surroundings
Pressure to pvac
be measured
pabs
Patm
Vacuum
• Barometer
• Manometer
• Bourdon tube
• Pressure Transducer
• Piezoelectric
–Strain gage
Barometer F
P rgh
A
Measures atmospheric A
pressure
F mg rghA
FBD of Hg in
m rV rhA
the Tube
h V hA
Note: The
pressure measured
by a barometer is
independent of tube
cross sectional
area
Barometer
Atmospheric pressure
W=ρghA acts at location 3
3 • Force balance: P1A
= P3A+W
Gas
h P1 Patm rgh
P P1 Patm rgh
• 1 2 •
P1 Pressure is same at
FBD of Hg column
between 2 & 3 locations 1 & 2
Pressure : Conversion Factors
1 Pa = 1 N/m2 1 kPa = 0.145038 Psi
1 Psi = 6.894757 kPa 1 in Hg = 0.4912 Psi
1 in Hg = 3.387 kPa 1 mm Hg = 0.1333 kPa
1 m of H2O = 9.80638 kPa
1 bar = 100 kPa
1 atm = 101.325 kPa
= 14.696 psia
= 760 mm Hg
= 29.92 in Hg
Some Facts About Pressure
Pressure in a liquid
The pressure of a fluid at rest
at rest increases
increases with depth as a result
linearly with
of added weight.
distance from the
Hence h is taken positive free surface
downward.
Some Facts About Pressure
The pressure is the same at all points on a horizontal plane in a given fluid
regardless of geometry, provided that the points are interconnected by the
same fluid
Pascal’s Law
The area ratio A2/A1 is called the ideal Lifting of a large weight by
mechanical advantage of the hydraulic a small force by the
application of Pascal’s law
lift.
Go Through Examples 1-7 to 1-10
ME – 130
THERMODYNAMICS – I
Solution:
The pressure in the fluid goes up with the depth as
P = (Ptop + ΔP) = (Ptop + ρgh)