1. Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior, cognition, and emotion. It examines topics like brain function, memory, social interactions, and child development.
2. Piaget's cognitive theory proposes that children progress through sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages as their cognitive abilities develop through biological maturation and experience.
3. William James described the "I-self" as the subjective sense of self and the "me-self" as the objective attributes that can be described, such as physical characteristics and social roles. How well the real and ideal selves are aligned impacts an individual's sense of well-being.
1. Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior, cognition, and emotion. It examines topics like brain function, memory, social interactions, and child development.
2. Piaget's cognitive theory proposes that children progress through sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages as their cognitive abilities develop through biological maturation and experience.
3. William James described the "I-self" as the subjective sense of self and the "me-self" as the objective attributes that can be described, such as physical characteristics and social roles. How well the real and ideal selves are aligned impacts an individual's sense of well-being.
Original Description:
The Psychologist’s perspective on the Development of Self.
1. Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior, cognition, and emotion. It examines topics like brain function, memory, social interactions, and child development.
2. Piaget's cognitive theory proposes that children progress through sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages as their cognitive abilities develop through biological maturation and experience.
3. William James described the "I-self" as the subjective sense of self and the "me-self" as the objective attributes that can be described, such as physical characteristics and social roles. How well the real and ideal selves are aligned impacts an individual's sense of well-being.
1. Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior, cognition, and emotion. It examines topics like brain function, memory, social interactions, and child development.
2. Piaget's cognitive theory proposes that children progress through sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages as their cognitive abilities develop through biological maturation and experience.
3. William James described the "I-self" as the subjective sense of self and the "me-self" as the objective attributes that can be described, such as physical characteristics and social roles. How well the real and ideal selves are aligned impacts an individual's sense of well-being.
PSYCHOLOGY • Psychology is the scientific study of how people behave, think, and feel. • It includes topics, such as how the brain works, how our memory is organized, how people interact in groups, and how children learn about the world. • Everything that concerns the human being is a concern of Psychology. From the basic workings of the human brain to consciousness, memory, reasoning and language, to personality and mental health, and everything about human experience. The Self As A Cognitive Structure
• Cognitive is defined as “of, relating to, being or
involving conscious intellectual activity, such as thinking, reasoning, or remembering”
“Cognitive development is a progressive
reorganization of mental process resulting from biological maturation and environmental experience.” –Jean Piaget The Self As A Cognitive Structure Three basic components to Piaget’s cognitive theory: • Schemas/schemes – are the building blocks of knowledge. Schemes are mental organizations that individuals use to understand their environments and designate action. • Adaptation – involves the child’s learning progress to meet situational demands. This 1. happens through: Assimilation – is the application of previous concepts to new concepts. 2. Accommodation – happens when people encounter completely new information or when existing ideas are challenged. The Self As A Cognitive Structure • Stages of Cognitive Development – they reflect the increasing sophistication of the child’s 1.thought process. Sensorimotor – The child learns by doing: looking, touching, sucking. The child also has a primitive understanding of cause-and-effect relationships. 2. Preoperational – The child uses language and symbols, including letters and numbers. Egocentrism is also evident. 3. Concrete Operations – The child demonstrates conversation, reversibility, serial ordering, and a mature understanding of cause-and-effect relationships. The Self As A Cognitive Structure
4. Formal Operations – The individual demonstrates
abstract thinking at this stage. Harter’s Self-Development Concept 1. Early Childhood – The child describes the “self” in terms of concrete, observable characteristics, such as physical attributes, material possessions, behaviors, and preferences. 2. Middle to Later Childhood – The self is described in terms of trait-like constructs that would require the type of hierarchical organizational skills and characteristic of logical thought development. 3. Adolescence – According to Harter, this is the emergence of more abstract self-definitions, such as inner thoughts, emotions, attitudes, and motives. Harter’s Self-Development Concept
4. Emerging Adults – The marked characteristic of
“self” is having a vision of a “possible self.” William James and The Me-Self; I-Self
“The art of being wise is knowing what to
overlook.” –William James, The Principles of Psychology “The “self” has two elements: the I-Self and the Me-Self.” (James, 1950) William James and The Me-Self; I-Self • I-Self – is the pure ego. It is the subjective self. It is the “self” that is aware of its own actions. It has four features which are: 1. A sense of being the agent or initiator of behavior. “I believe my actions have an impact, that I cause an effect in my of 2. A sense environment.” being unique. “This is how I am different from everything in my environment.” 3. A sense of continuity. “I am the same person from day to day.” 4. A sense of awareness about being aware. “I understand what is going on in me and around William James and The Me-Self; I-Self • Me-Self – is the self that is the object. It is the “self” that you can describe, such as your physical characteristics, personalities, social role, or relationships, thoughts, feelings. • James called it the Empirical Self. William James and The Me-Self; I-Self The dimensions of the me-self include:
1. Material – physical appearance and extension
of it such as clothing, immediate family, and home; 2. Social – social skills and significant interpersonal relationships; and 3. Spiritual – personality, character, defining values. Real and Ideal Self-Concepts • Self concept – is an organized, fluid, conceptual pattern of concepts and values related to the self. • If the person holds a positive self-concept, he or she would tend to feel good about himself or herself, and would generally see the world as a safe and positive place. • If the person holds a negative self-concept, then he or she may feel unhappy with who he/she is.
“All behavior is motivated by self-actualizing
tendencies and these tendencies drive you to reach your full potential.” –Carl Rogers Real and Ideal Self-Concepts
Ideal Self vs. Real Self
• Ideal Self – is the person that you would like yourself to be; it is your concept of the “best me” who is worthy of admiration. The ideal self could 1. include: Notions influenced by your parents. 2. What you admire in others; 3. What the society sees as acceptable; and 4. What you think is in your best interest. • Real Self – is the person you actually are. It is how you behave right at the moment of a situation. It is who you are in reality – how you think, feel, or act at present. Real and Ideal Self-Concepts
The Importance of Alignment
“if the way that I am (the real self) is aligned with
the way that I want to be (the ideal self), then I will feel a sense of mental well-being or peace of mind. -Carl Rogers “High congruence leads to a greater sense of self- worth and a healthy, productive life.” Multiple Selves “Properly speaking, a man has many social selves as there are individuals who recognize him and carry an image of him in their head.” -William James