ECE 476

Power System Analysis

Lecture 4:Per Phase Analysis,
Transmission Line Parameters

Prof. Tom Overbye

Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
overbye@illinois.edu
Special Guest Lecturer: TA Iyke Idehen
Announcements

• Please read Chapters 4 and 5

• HW 2 is 2.43, 2.47, 2.50, 2.52
• It does not need to be turned in, but will be covered by an
in-class quiz on Thursday Sept 8

1
Per Phase Analysis

• Per phase analysis allows analysis of balanced 3

systems with the same effort as for a single phase
system
• Balanced 3 Theorem: For a balanced 3 system
with
– All loads and sources Y connected
– No mutual Inductance between phases

2
Per Phase Analysis, cont’d

• Then
– All neutrals are at the same potential
– All phases are COMPLETELY decoupled
– All system values are the same sequence as sources. The
sequence order we’ve been using (phase b lags phase a
and phase c lags phase a) is known as “positive”
sequence; later in the course we’ll discuss negative and
zero sequence systems.

3
Per Phase Analysis Procedure

To do per phase analysis

1. Convert all  load/sources to equivalent Y’s
2. Solve phase “a” independent of the other phases
3. Total system power S = 3 Va Ia*
4. If desired, phase “b” and “c” values can be
determined by inspection (i.e., ±120° degree phase
shifts)
5. If necessary, go back to original circuit to determine
line-line values or internal  values.

4
Per Phase Example
Assume a 3, Y-connected generator with Van = 10
volts supplies a -connected load with Z = -j
through a transmission line with impedance of j0.1
per phase. The load is also connected to a
-connected generator with Va”b” = 10 through a
second transmission line which also has an impedance
of j0.1 per phase.
Find
1. The load voltage Va’b’
2. The total power supplied by each generator, SY and
S

5
Per Phase Example, cont’d

First convert the delta load and source to equivalent

Y values and draw just the "a" phase circuit
6
Per Phase Example, cont’d

To solve the circuit, write the KCL equation at a'

1
(Va  10)(10 j )  Va (3 j )  (Va 
' ' '
   j  
3

7
Per Phase Example, cont’d

To solve the circuit, write the KCL equation at a'

1
(Va  10)(10 j )  Va (3 j )  (Va 
' ' '
   j  
3
10
(10 j  60)  Va' (10 j  3 j  10 j )
3
Va'  0.9  volts Vb'  0.9  volts
Vc'  0.9 volts '
Vab  1.56 volts

8
Per Phase Example, cont’d
*
 Va  Va 
'
Sygen  3Va I a*  3Va    5.1  j 3.5 VA
 j 0.1 
 ' *
V "
 Va
Sgen  3Va  a
"
  5.1  j 4.7 VA
 j 0.1 

9
Development of Line Models

Goals of this section are

1. develop a simple model for transmission lines
2. gain an intuitive feel for how the geometry of the
transmission line affects the model parameters

10
 Primary Methods for Power Transfer

• The most common methods for transfer of electric

power are
– Overhead ac
– Underground ac
– Overhead dc
– Underground dc
– other

11
Magnetics Review

• Ampere’s circuital law:

F   H dl  I e
F = mmf = magnetomtive force (amp-turns)
H = magnetic field intensity (amp-turns/meter)
dl = Vector differential path length (meters)
 = Line integral about closed path 
(dl is tangent to path)
Ie = Algebraic sum of current linked by 

12
Line Integrals

•Line integrals are a generalization of traditional

integration

Integration along the

x-axis

Integration along a
general path, which
may be closed

Ampere’s law is most useful in cases of symmetry,

such as with an infinitely long line

13
Magnetic Flux Density

Magnetic fields are usually measured in terms of flux

density

B = flux density (Tesla [T] or Gauss [G])

(1T = 10,000G)
For a linear a linear magnetic material
B =  H where  is the called the permeability
 = 0  r
0 = permeability of freespace = 4  10-7 H m
 r = relative permeability  1 for air
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Magnetic Flux
Total flux passing through a surface A is
 = A B da
da = vector with direction normal to the surface
If flux density B is uniform and perpendicular to an
area A then
 = BA

15
Magnetic Fields from Single Wire

Assume we have an infinitely long wire with current

of 1000A. How much magnetic flux passes through a
1 meter square, located between 4 and 5 meters from
the wire?

Direction of H is given
by the “Right-hand” Rule

Easiest way to solve the problem is to take advantage

of symmetry. For an integration path we’ll choose a
circle with a radius of x.

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Two Conductor Line Inductance

Key problem with the previous derivation is we

assumed no return path for the current. Now consider
the case of two wires, each carrying the same current
I, but in opposite directions; assume the wires are
separated by distance R.
R To determine the
inductance of each
conductor we integrate
as before. However
Creates counter- Creates a now we get some
clockwise field clockwise field field cancellation
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Two Conductor Case, cont’d

R R
Rp

Direction of integration
Key Point: As we integrate for the left line, at distance 2R from
the left line the net flux linked due to the Right line is zero!
Use superposition to get total flux linkage.
For distance Rp, greater than 2R, from left line
0 Rp 0  Rp  R 
left  I ln  I ln  
2 r ' 2  R 
Left Current Right Current
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Two Conductor Inductance
Simplifying (with equal and opposite currents)
0  Rp  Rp  R  
left  I  ln  ln  
2  r '  R 
0
 I  ln Rp  ln r ' ln( Rp  R)  ln R 
2
0  R Rp 
 I  ln  ln
2  r ' Rp  R 
0  R 
 I  ln  as Rp  
2  r ' 
0  R 
Lleft   ln  H/m
2  r ' 
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Many-Conductor Case

Now assume we now have k conductors, each with

current ik, arranged in some specified geometry.
We’d like to find flux linkages of each conductor.
Each conductor’s flux
linkage, k, depends upon
its own current and the
current in all the other
conductors.
To derive 1 we’ll be integrating from conductor 1 (at origin)
to the right along the x-axis.
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Many-Conductor Case, cont’d

Rk is the
distance
from con-
ductor k
to point
c.
At point b the net We’d like to integrate the flux crossing
contribution to 1 between b to c. But the flux crossing
between a and c is easier to calculate and
from ik , 1k, is
provides a very good approximation of 1k.
zero.
Point a is at distance d1k from conductor k.
21
Many-Conductor Case, cont’d

0  R1 R2 Rn 
1  i1 ln '  i2 ln   in ln 
2  r1 d12 d1n 
0  1 1 1 
1   i1 ln '  i2 ln   in ln  
2  r1 d12 d1n 
0
i1 ln R1  i2 ln R2   in ln Rn 
2
As R1 goes to infinity R1  R2  Rn so the second
0  n 
term from above can be written =   i j  ln R1
2  j 1 
22
Many-Conductor Case, cont’d
n
Therefore if  i j  0, which is true in a balanced
j 1
three phase system, then the second term is zero and
0  1 1 1 
1   i1 ln '  i2 ln   in ln
2  r1 d12 d1n 
1  L11i1  L12i2  L1nin

System has self and mutual inductance. However

the mutual inductance can be canceled for
balanced 3 systems with symmetry.
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