NEW ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING II, ADVANCED

NOVEMBER 17, 2014

AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS OF KARACHI CITY,

PAKISTAN

Presented BY
SAIMA KALWAR
PhD Student
Matric No: BHA130003
UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA
MALAYSIA
 Presentation Contents

◙ Main Sources of Urban Air Pollution

◙ Effects of Urban Air Pollution

◙ Recommended Actions to strengthen Air Quality

Management in Pakistan
Main Sources of Urban Air Pollution
Rapid urbanisation

Growing energy needs

Uncontrolled Industrial growth

Increase in Traffic

Indiscriminate Refuse Burning

Agricultural Activities
Pollution Load From Mobile Combustion Sources in Karachi (2004)
Type of %age Total Average Units # Particulate SO2 NOx CO
Vehicles comp. Vehicles Run/day Kg /Unit# Kg/Unit Kg/Unit# Kg/Unit#
* #

Light duty 39.6 405108 28 km 1000 3743 907 36298 453728

(Cars) km

Motorcycles/ 31.9 326337 10 km 1000 652 65 229 55483

Scooters km

Light duty 17.1 174933 100 km 1000 5773 1399 55979 699732
Rickshaws km

Heavy duty 9.3 95139 100 km 1000 7136 14271 199792 120826
Diesel km
Powered
Bus/Trucks

Other (Light 2.1 21483 50 km 1000 484 419 1063 1182

duty diesel km
power etc.)
Total 10,23,000

Source: Transport and Communication, City District Govt. Karachi

 Energy Consumption By Sector

1999-2000

2.7%

22.6%

Domestic
34.7%
Commercial
3.1%
Industrial
Agriculture
Transport
2.7% Other Govt.
34.3%

Source: SUPARCO, Pakistan

Maximum Values of PM 2.5, SO2, NO2, O3, and CO for Five Metropolitan Cities
Of Pakistan, 2012:

Cities PM2.5 SO2 NO2 O3 CO

(μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (mg/m3)
Islamabad 157 32 196 148 5

Quetta 96 136 83 72 4

Karachi 201 173 122 86 2

Peshawar 146 147 141 90 6

Lahore 433 309 129 139 7

Source: The World Bank, 2014

 500
Industrial USEPA Commercial Centers
USEPA
450 Limit (24h)
Limit (24h) Sites /Major Intersections
for PM10 is
for TSP is
400 Residencial Areas 260 ug/m3
150 ug/m3

350
Con. in ug/m3

300

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Max level of TSP & PM10 at Various Sites at
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Karachi during June 2004 PM10

Source: SUPARCO, Pakistan
Conc. Of SO2, Nox,Ozone in ppb and CO in ppm SO2 Commercial Centers
60 NOx Industrial Sites
Residencial Areas /Major Intersections
Ozone
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Max levels of SO2, NOx, Ozone, CO at Various

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Sites at Karachi during June 2004
Source: SUPARCO, Pakistan
Karachi Air Pollution Map
 Effects Of Urban Air Pollution

Health Problems
Economic Effects
■ Bronchial Irritation
■ Increased health costs ■ Heart Problems
■ Loss of crops and property ■ Anemia
■ Asthma
■ Decline in tourist revenue
■ Eye Irritation
■ Reparatory Diseases
■ Serious consequences relation to
new born and unborn babies.

Environmental Effects

■ Haze & smog

■ Acid deposition – acid rain

■ Climate change

■ Ozone depletion – ecosystem damage

 Recommended Actions to Strengthen Air Quality Management in Pakistan
Recommended Actions Timeframe
Strengthening air quality monitoring
Establish a reliable air quality-monitoring network focusing on pollutants such Short term
as PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and lead and other toxic substances; building on the
network developed with JICA support; and providing ongoing training and
budget for maintaining and utilizing the equipment.
Develop a detailed mobile source emissions inventory. Short term
Establish an inventory of industrial sources, focusing on key polluters and Short term
evolving to include small and medium enterprises.
Establish a centralized depository to review and analyze data collected from Medium
across the country by the network for monitoring air quality. term
Carry out modeling efforts to assess the present and future contributions of Medium
mobile, stationary, nonpoint, and natural sources of key pollutants. term
Building institutional capacity for AQ
Establish a central apex organization with a clear mandate for AQM and with Short term
responsibilities for inter-sectoral and intergovernmental (national and
provincial) coordination.
Strengthen provincial EPAs to carry out monitoring, enforcement, and Short term
planning activities related to AQM.
 Recommended Actions Timeframe
Strengthen enforcement of air quality regulations, and the capacity of the legal Short term
courts and judiciary to enforce environmental laws.
Build the capacity of city governments to improve urban planning and develop Medium
alternative modes of transportation. term
Bolstering the legal and regulatory framework for AQM
Adopt pollution charges targeting fuels according to their pollution Short term
contributions, based on the polluter pays principle
Adopt a more serious penalty system for noncompliance with air quality laws Short term
and regulations.
Phase out voluntary regulatory schemes and introduce enforceable standards for Short term
key stationary sources of air pollutants.
Adopt higher fuel efficiency standards and environmental taxes for less efficient Medium
vehicles term
Adopt revised NEQS to ensure that the permissible ambient concentrations of all Medium
pollutants are consistent with the levels recommended by the WHO. term
Adopt taxes on hydrocarbons, based on their contribution to greenhouse gas Long term
emissions.
 Recommended Actions Timeframe
Policy reforms and investments for improved air quality
Reduce fuel price distortions and apply the polluter pays principle to promote Short term
efficient fuel use and switching towards gas and other cleaner fuels.
Improve fuel quality by importing cleaner diesel and furnace oil, using low-sulfur Short term
crude oil, and investing in refinery capacity for desulfurization.
Increase solid waste collection and proper disposal, particularly in large urban Short term
areas.
Implement green-cut agricultural practices to reduce emissions from nonpoint Short term
sources.
Promote cleaner production in the industrial sector with the dual aim of Short term
improving environmental conditions and strengthening firms’ competitiveness.
Foster the creation of a strong air quality constituency by providing training and Short term
disseminating specific materials among policy makers, legislators, NGOs,
journalists, and other stakeholders.
Initiate a vehicle inspection and maintenance program that initially targets diesel Medium
trucks and buses, focusing on Pakistan’s larger cities, and concentrating on term
controlling PM emissions.
Phase out two-stroke vehicles in favor of four-stroke vehicles, taking into Medium
account the experiences of other Asian countries. term
 Recommended Actions Timeframe
Require the use of catalytic converters for vehicles, particularly for gasoline- Medium
fueled vehicles. term
Adopt a public disclosure scheme requiring industries to report their pollutant Medium
emissions and rate themselves on compliance with national standards. term
Publish an Air Quality Index in major cities and issue health alarms when Medium
necessary. term
Support development of mass transportation and non-motorized vehicles in main Medium
cities. term
Relocate industries from areas where ambient air pollution concentrations exceed Medium
the legal limits to places with no thermal inversions, good atmospheric mixing term
conditions, and outside areas of high population density.
Develop and implement transport policies that reduce local air pollution, Medium
congestion, noise, accidents, and have climate change mitigation co-benefits term
Reduce emissions from nonpoint sources through measures such as paving roads Medium
and parking areas, increasing vegetation cover, and controlling emissions from term
construction and demolition sites.
Control emissions from industrial sources, particularly from the storage and Medium
transportation of fuels and chemicals, as well as from high-emission industrial term
processes.
 Recommended Actions Timeframe
Adopt fuel efficiency and emissions standards for vehicles in line with Euro 2 Medium
or 3 and gradually tighten them in line with Euro 5 or 6. term to Long
term
Adopt a roadside inspection program to identify polluting vehicles. Long term
Filling knowledge gaps for AQM
Carry out an in-depth study to identify sources of pollution for lead and other Short term
toxic substances to serve as a basis for the development of targeted
interventions.
Conduct in-depth analysis of a potential scrap page program for old vehicles. Short term
Promote the establishment of research programs in universities with a focus on Short term
the different areas of AQM, including law, economics, meteorology, chemistry,
and so forth.
Source: The World Bank, 2014
Note: AQM = Air Quality Management; JICA = Japanese International Cooperation
Agency; NEQS = National Environmental Quality Standards; NGO =
Nongovernmental organization; PM2.5 = Particulate Matter of less than 2.5 microns;
SO2 = sulfur dioxide; NO2 = nitrogen dioxide.
THANK YOU