Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 Agricultural Extension
1 Agricultural Extension
1 Agricultural Extension
and
Communication
2
Has
its
own
HISTORY
3
is
oriented
towards a
GOAL
4
works
according
to
PRINCIPLES
5
is
based
on
THEORIES
6
performs
FUNCTIONS
BRSumayao UPLB 7
takes
on
VARIOUS
FORMS
8
Chooses
METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES
9
uses
suitable
TOOLS
10
Is
practiced
within
EXTENSION APPROACHES
11
EARLY BEGINNINGS
(Europe and the USA)
started from DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
originated from UNIVERSITIES
thus derived from EDUCATIONAL
DEVELOPMENTS in these universities
hence, is an EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
aimed at changing BEHAVIOR OF PEOPLE
12
EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
13
EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
• In 1850’s…
Discussions began in two ancient
universities about how they could serve
the needs of the rapidly growing
population in the industrial, urban areas
14
15
16
EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
• In 1867…
First practical attempt was made in what
was designated “UNIVERSITY EXTENSION”
not for students enrolled in the universities
bringing the university outside of its
campus to people who could not qualify for
entry into university
17
EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
18
EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
19
EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
20
EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
• In 1873…
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE adopted the
system
• In 1876…
UNIVERSITY OF LONDON followed
• In 1878…
UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD followed
21
EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
• In 1880’s…
- system became well-established and developed into
what was to be called
EXTENSION MOVEMENT
- and so, extension became a more
INSTITUTIONALIZED FUNCTION
of the universities
22
Tri-Functions of Universities
23
EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
24
EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
25
EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
• In the USA
26
EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
27
EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
28
EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
• In 1890…
– SECOND MORILL ACT was passed
extended Land-Grant concept in other areas of
the USA
29
EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
30
EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
31
EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
32
EXTENSION IN THE PHILIPPINE
SETTING:
The Significant Milestones
33
• 1565
The beginnings of “extension work”
through the setting up of
GRANJAS MODELOS or
MODEL FARMS
initiated by the first Spanish missionaries
to educate rice, corn, and tobacco
farmers in large encomiendas.
34
Philippine Setting . . .
35
Philippine Setting . . .
• July 1910
Creation of the DEMONSTRATION AND
EXTENSION DIVISION under the Bureau of
Agriculture making it the
- FIRST FORMALLY ORGANIZED
GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT IMPLEMENTING
RESEARCH AND EXTENSION PROGRAMS
Setting up of several experiment stations and
demonstration farms in strategic places in the
country.
37
Philippine Setting . . .
• 1910…
Agricultural schools were also
established to educate and train
government agricultural workers and
others engaged in agricultural
services.
38
Philippine Setting . . .
39
Philippine Setting . . .
• 1923 …
The name Demonstration and Extension
Division was changed to AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION SERVICE
Related events
HOME EXTENSION WORK was started in
the Division of Organic Chemistry of the Bureau
of Soils mainly on FOOD PRESERVATION
MARIA Y. OROSA founded the home
extension service.
40
Philippine Setting . . .
• 1929 …
The Bureau of Agriculture was reorganized
with the creation of the
Bureau of Animal Industry
Bureau of Plant Industry
41
Philippine Setting . . .
• 1936 …
COMMONWEALTH ACT 85 was passed
establishing PROVINCIAL EXTENSION
SERVICES financed by the provincial and
municipal governments
Some significant results
emergence of BROADER AND MORE
COMPREHENSIVE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
SYSTEM
42
Philippine Setting . . .
Some CONSTRAINTS
The home economics group was under the
Plant Utilization Division of BPI
Insufficiency of funds
Unsystematic, scattered, and decentralized
agricultural extension service work done
by the different branches of government
made it difficult for extension agents to
render fully satisfactory service to the
people.
44
Philippine Setting . . .
• Undated
COMMONWEALTH ACT 649 was passed
INCREASING the AMOUNT
APPROPRIATED FOR EXTENSION WORK
Set-up of agricultural extension service
CONTINUED UNTIL THE
OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR II
45
Philippine Setting . . .
47
Philippine Setting . . .
• 1950
The Philippine Government REQUESTED the
USA to SEND AN ECONOMIC SURVEY
MISSION to the Philippines to:
48
Philippine Setting . . .
• In July 1952
Congress enacted REPUBLIC ACT No. 680
CREATING THE BUREAU OF
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION (BAEx).
This was in RESPONSE TO the recommendation
of the BELL SURVEY MISSION that all the
extension activities of the DA become the
responsibility of one bureau.
50
Philippine Setting . . .
• August 8, 1963
The BAEx was RENAMED
AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTIVITY COMMISSION
(APC) and placed UNDER the
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT.
51
Philippine Setting . . .
52
Philippine Setting . . .
• Undated
Executive Order No. 62 creating the RICE
AND CORN AUTHORITY (RCA)
extended CREDIT for seeds, pesticides,
and harvesting
had FERTILIZER SUBSIDY PROGRAM for
participating farmers
54
Philippine Setting . . .
• In 1969
Executive Order No. 183 creating the
NATIONAL FOOD AND
AGRICULTURE COUNCIL (NFAC)
was given FULL CONTROL OF FOOD
PRODUCTION PROGRAM
CONTROLLED a large portion of FUNDS for
agriculture and funding from The USAID
55
Philippine Setting . . .
• In 1972
Declaration of
MARTIAL LAW
Several
ORGANIZATIONAL
CHANGES AFFECTED
AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION.
56
Philippine Setting . . .
• November 1, 1972
Presidential Decree No. 1 and
Presidential Letter of Implementation
REVERTED THE APC TO ITS
ORIGINAL NAME, THE BAEx
57
Philippine Setting . . .
• Other CHANGES
Functions and personnel of COOPERATIVES were
TRANSFERRED to the DEPARTMENT OF LOCAL
GOVERNMENT AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
(DILG)
Presidential Decree 970
ABOLISHED the Bureau of Farm Management of the
DAR
DAR’s extension function was TRANSFERRED to BAEx
58
Philippine Setting . . .
• July 1, 1973
The BAEx was TRANSFERRED
back to DA
The ABACA and OTHER FIBERS BOARD
was FUSED with BAEx
BRSumayao UPLB 59
Philippine Setting . . .
• In 1977
A WORLD BANK MISSION APPRAISED the
Philippines’ agricultural extension service UPON
REQUEST of the Philippine government
RESULTS
The Philippines ADOPTED the TRAINING
AND VISIT SYSTEM (T & V) which evolved
into a development strategy designed to improve
the quality of life of farm families through a pool of
resources.
60
Philippine Setting . . .
61
Philippine Setting . . .
62
Philippine Setting . . .
• In 1978
PD No. 1579 and LOI No. 595 CREATED
MINISTRY-WIDE REGIONAL OFFICES in
the Ministry of Agriculture
APPOINTMENT of 75 PAOs in 1980
EO No. 967- RENAMED the Ministry of Agriculture
into the MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD
(MAF); transferred the BFAR from the Ministry of
Natural Resources to the MAF
63
Philippine Setting . . .
• In 1982…
EO No. 803 designating the PROVINCE as
the POLITICAL UNIT OF MANAGEMENT
for INDUCING AGRICULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT
64
Philippine Setting . . .
Organizational Set-up
Minister of Agriculture
Regional Director
65
Philippine Setting . . .
66
Philippine Setting . . .
• In 1987…
EO No. 116 – MERGED the
BAEx
Agricultural Training Council
Philippine Training Center for Rural
Development into the
AGRICULTURAL TRAINING INSTITUTE (ATI)
The “BIRTH” of the ATI
meant the “DEATH” of the BAEx
67
Philippine Setting . . .
ATI’s Mandate…
TRAINING OF ALL AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION WORKERS AND THEIR
CLIENTELE (WHO ARE MOSTLY
FARMERS) AND OTHER
AGRICULTURAL WORKERS
68
Philippine Setting . . .
• In 1991…
RA No. 7160 – LOCAL GOVERNMENT
CODE
DEVOLVED AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND
TRAINING ACTIVITES to the LOCAL
GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGUs)
69
Philippine Setting . . .
• In 1997…
A legal instrument
RA 8435 known as the
AGRICULTURE AND
FISHERIES MODERNIZATION
ACT or AFMA
70
Philippine Setting . . .
71
Philippine Setting… AFMA
• Definition of Terms
MODERNIZATION
The PROCESS of
TRANSFORMING the
AGRICULTURE & FISHERIES sectors
into one that is
DYNAMIC
TECHNOLOGICALLY ADVANCED
COMPETITIVE
72
Philippine Setting… AFMA
Yet CENTERED on
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
and GUIDED by sound practices of
SUSTAINABILITY
and the PRINCIPLES of SOCIAL
JUSTICE
73
Philippine Setting… AFMA
• Food Security…
The POLICY OBJECTIVE, PLAN, and STRATEGY of
1. MEETING FOOD REQUIREMENTS of PRESENT
and FUTURE GENERATIONS of Filipinos
in SUBSTANTIAL QUANTITY
2. ensuring the AVAILABILITY and
AFFORDABILITY of food TO ALL
3. either through LOCAL PRODUCTION or
IMPORTATION, or both
74
Philippine Setting… AFMA
75
Philippine Setting… AFMA
76
Philippine Setting… AFMA
• Global competitiveness…
The ABILITY to COMPETE in terms of
PRICE
QUALITY
VOLUME
OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERY PRODUCTS relative to those of OTHER
COUNTRIES
77
Philippine Setting… AFMA
Economically viable
Ecologically sound
Socially just and humane (respects human
dignity, participatory, and equitable)
Culturally appropriate (respects traditions,
values, beliefs, and culture of people)
Grounded on holistic science
(integrative, non-reductionist)
78
Philippine Setting… AFMA
79
Philippine Setting… AFMA
4. REDUCTION of rural
UNEMPLOYMENT
5. Reduction of incidence of
MALNUTRITION, and
6. IMPROVEMENT in LAND TENURE of
small farmers.
80
Philippine Setting… AFMA
B 82
Philippine Setting… AFMA
84
Philippine Setting… AFMA
• Strategy
utilization of RESEARCH RESULTS through
FE
NFE
extension and training services
development of a NATIONAL EXTENSION
SYSTEM that will help accelerate the
transformation of Philippine agriculture and
fisheries from a resource-based to a
technology-based industry
85
Philippine Setting… AFMA
86
Philippine Setting… AFMA
• Role of LGUs
Responsible for delivering direct agriculture
and fisheries extension services
The province is mandated to “integrate the
operations of the agriculture extension services
and undertake an annual evaluation of all
municipal extension program.”
87
Philippine Setting… AFMA
• Role of Private Sector
Encourage PARTICIPATION of farmers and
fisherfolks cooperatives and associations and
others in the private sector in the TRAINING
and other COMPLEMENTARY EXTENSION
ACTIVITIES especially in
community organizing
use of participatory approaches
popularization of training materials
regenerative agricultural technologies
agribusiness and management skills
88
Philippine Setting… AFMA
• Role of SUCs
ASSIST in the LGUs’ extension system by
IMPROVING their effectiveness and efficiency
through
capability building
complementary extension activities such as
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
TRAINING OF LGU PERSONNEL
IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSICAL FACILITIES
EXTENSION-CUM-RESEARCH AND INFORMATION
SUPPORT SERVICES.
89
Philippine Setting… AFMA
• Financing Scheme
Allocation of multi-year budgets that shall be
treated as grants
Transfer of funds from DA to the LGUs as
extension grants
Placing the budget for agriculture and fishery
at a minimum of 1 % of the Gross Value Added
90
Philippine Setting… AFMA
• Strategic Shift
From food security as the SOLE
RESPONSIBILITY of the DA TOWARDS SHARING
that responsibility with the LGUs and OTHER
STAKEHOLDERS
From PURE COMMODITY, PRODUCTION
VOLUME orientation towards RESULTS,
GREATER VALUE-ADDED, PROFITABILITY, and
PEOPLE’S WELFARE
91