HERRAMIENTAS PARA

CONSERVAR Y MEJORAR LA
CONVERSIÓN ESBELTA

EQUIPO #2
GUADALUPE CRUZ
FERNANDA MELÉNDEZ
PAOLA RODRÍGUEZ
 INTRODUCTION:
 Most of the organizations use quality tools for various purposes related to controlling and assuring
quality.
 Although there are a good number of quality tools specific to certain domains, fields and practices,
some of the quality tools can be used across such domains. These quality tools are quite generic and
can be applied to any condition.
 There are basic quality tools used in organizations. These tools can provide much information about
problems in the organization assisting to derive solutions for the same.
 A number of these quality tools come with a price tag. A brief training, mostly a self-training, is sufficient
for someone to start using the tools.
 STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL
(SPC):

Is a method of quality control which uses statistical methods. SPC

is applied in order to monitor and control a process. Monitoring
and controlling the process ensures that it operates at its full
potential. At its full potential, the process can make as much
conforming product as possible with a minimum (if not an
elimination) of waste (rework or trash).
SPC can be applied to any process where the "conforming
product" (product meeting specifications) output can be
measured. Key tools used in SPC include control charts; a
focus on continuous improvement; and the design of
experiments. An example of a process where SPC is
applied is manufacturing lines.
 OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIATION:

SPC must be practiced in 2 phases:

The first phase is the initial establishment of the process, and the
second phase is the regular production use of the process.
In the second phase, we need to decide the period to be
examined, depending upon the change in 4-M conditions and wear
rate of parts used in the manufacturing process (machine parts,
Jigs and fixture and tooling standard).
 Limitations:

SPC is applied to reduce or eliminate process waste. This, in turn,

eliminates the need for the process step of post-manufacture
inspection. The success of SPC relies not only on the skill with which
it is applied, but also on how suitable or amenable the process is to
SPC. In some cases, it may be difficult to judge when the application
of SPC is appropriate.
 APPLICATION OF SPC:

 The application of SPC involves three main sets of activities:

1. The first is understanding of the process. This is achieved by business
process mapping.
2. The second is measuring the sources of variation assisted by the use of
control charts .
3. The third is eliminating assignable (special) sources of variation.
 GAGE R&R:
Gage R&R as one of the quality tools to use in support of
production/process controls, verication/validation activities, as
well as calibration programs.
 FLOW CHARTS:

 This is one of the basic quality tool that can be used for analyzing a sequence of
events.
 The tool maps out a sequence of events that take place sequentially or in
parallel. The flow chart can be used to understand a complex process in order to
find the relationships and dependencies between events.
 You can also get a brief idea about the critical path of the process and the events
involved in the critical path.
 Flow charts can be used for any field and to illustrate events involving processes
of any complexity.
 HISTOGRAM:

Histogram is used for illustrating the frequency and the extent in

the context of two variables.
Histogram is a chart with columns. This represents the distribution
by mean. If the histogram is normal, the graph takes the shape of a
bell curve.
If it is not normal, it may take different shapes based on the
condition of the distribution. Histogram can be used to measure
something against another thing. Always, it should be two
variables.
 PPM

• How to calculate PPM is best explained in an example. Let's say, a manufacturer

produces 10,000,000 parts per year for their customer. The manufacturers plant
operates around 5 days a week, 50 weeks per year or 250 days a year in most
cases. Let's assume most customers requirements are 25 PPM.
That means that the manufacturer would be allowed 25 pieces for every 1,000,000
pieces or 250 defective parts per year. Or to put it another way, one bad part per
day! In this example we did not say one bad part per day per person or job, or
shift or machine. One bad part for the entire plant for 24 hours!
 CAUSE AND EFFECT DIAGRAM:

 Cause and effect diagrams (Ishikawa Diagram) are used for understanding
organizational or business problem causes.
 Organizations face problems everyday and it is required to understand the
causes of these problems in order to solve them effectively. Cause and effect
diagrams exercise is usually a teamwork.
 A brainstorming session is required in order to come up with an effective
cause and effect diagram.
 All the main components of a problem area are listed and possible causes
from each area is listed.
 CHECK SHEET:

 A check sheet can be introduced as the most basic tool for quality.
 A check sheet is basically used for gathering and organizing data.
 Therefore, it is always a good idea to use a software check sheet for
information gathering and organizing needs.
 One can always use a paper-based check sheet when the information
gathered is only used for backup or storing purposes other than further
processing.
 SCATTER DIAGRAM:

When it comes to the values of two variables, scatter diagrams are

the best way to present. Scatter diagrams present the relationship
between two variables and illustrate the results on a Cartesian
plane.
Then, further analysis, such as trend analysis can be performed on
the values.
In these diagrams, one variable denotes one axis and another
variable denotes the other axis
 CONTROL CHARTS:

 Control chart is the best tool for monitoring the performance of a process. These types of
charts can be used for monitoring any processes related to function of the organization.
 These charts allow you to identify the following conditions related to the process that has
been monitored.
 Stability of the process
 Predictability of the process
 Identification of common cause of variation
 Special conditions where the monitoring party needs to react
 PARETO CHARTS:

 Pareto charts are used for identifying a set of priorities. You can chart any
number of issues/variables related to a specific concern and record the
number of occurrences.
 This way you can figure out the parameters that have the highest impact on
the specific concern.
 This helps you to work on the propriety issues in order to get the condition
under control.
 CPK

Is an index (a simple number) which measures how close a process

is running to its specification limits, relative to the natural
variability of the process. The larger the index, the less likely it is
that any item will be outside the specs.
 CP

Is generally designed with higher value compared to Cpk with the
consideration that the process is not centered within the
specification limits. Cp always remains the same unless any change
is made on process itself. Centering a process involves well-defined
specification limits and process variation having normal
distribution.
 INTERPRETING PP, PPK:

Process Performance Index basically tries to verify if the sample

that you have generated from the process is capable to meet
Customer CTQs (requirements). It differs from Process Capability in
that Process Performance only applies to a specific batch of
material. Samples from the batch may need to be quite large to be
representative of the variation in the batch.
 PP:

Process Performance is only used when process

control cannot be evaluated.
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CPK AND
PPK:

Cpk is for short term, Ppk is for long term.

If you want to know how that variation will affect the ability of
your process to meet customer requirements (CTQ’s), you should
use Cpk.
 DOE (DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS ):

• Is the design of any information-gathering exercises where variation is present, whether under the full
control of the experimenter or not. However, in statistics, these terms are usually used for controlled
experiments. Formal planned experimentation is often used in evaluating physical objects, chemical
formulations, structures, components, and materials. Other types of study, and their design, are
discussed in the articles on computer experiments, opinion polls and statistical surveys (which are types
of observational study), natural experiments and quasi-experiments (for example, quasi-experimental
design). See Experiment for the distinction between these types of experiments or studies.
• One of the most important requirements of experimental research designs is the necessity of
eliminating the effects of spurious, intervening, and antecedent variables. In the most basic model,
cause (X) leads to effect (Y). But there could be a third variable (Z) that influences (Y), and X might not
be the true cause at all. Z is said to be a spurious variable and must be controlled for. The same is true
for intervening variables (a variable in between the supposed cause (X) and the effect (Y)), and
anteceding variables (a variable prior to the supposed cause (X) that is the true cause). When a third
variable is involved and has not been controlled for, the relation is said to be a zero order relationship. In
most practical applications of experimental research designs there are several causes (X1, X2, X3). In
most designs, only one of these causes is manipulated at a time.
 FINDING:

Above this basic quality tools help you to address different

concerns in an organization.
Therefore, use of such tools should be a basic practice in the
organization in order to enhance the efficiency.
Trainings on these tools should be included in the organizational
orientation program, so all the staff members get to learn these
basic tools.