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Surviving Sepsis Updated
Surviving Sepsis Updated
Surviving Sepsis Updated
PATIENT
SCENARIO
Patient is an 18 year old and a new firstyear university
student at Riau University. His roommate accompanies him
and knows very little about him, other than that he likes
keeps to himself.
The roommate has noticed that the patient’s been coughing
quite a bit at night for the last week or so. He also wonders
if the patient is a drug user, as he thinks he saw the patient
hiding a syringe one day when he came into the room.
In the past 48 hours, the patient has seemed more “out of it”
and tonight the roommate came back to the room to find him
unresponsive on the floor of their room.
The patient moans to painful stimuli, but is otherwise
unrousable. He is tachycardic and hypotensive, with marked
tachypnea. Initial fingerstick blood glucose reads “high”.
SCENARIO – VITALS
HR 130, sinus
BP 75/40
RR 30 Kussmaul
Saturation 88 92% room air
Temp 38.4
Fingerpick Glucose HIGH
No urine sample could be collected
SCENARIO –ON EXAMINATION
Eyes do not open ,incomprehensible mumbling,
Withdraws from pain
Diaphoretic, cold extremities, weak rapid pulses,
no apparent jaundice, no edema, periphery appears
blue, capillary refill is 4 sec.
Poor air entry right lower thoracic area, coarse
creps, tachycardia gallop rhythm, abdomen is
tender but no organomeggaly no signs of clear
perotinism
SCENARIO – BLOOD PANEL
WBC 30.1 (410)
Hb 10 (12,016,0)
Plt 600 (150400)
Na 134 (133145)
K 3.7 (3.55.2)
Cl 108 (95107)
CO2 5 (2129)
Creat 144 (080)
BUN 7.0 (3.07.0)
Glucose 47.3 (3.511.1)
SCENARIO – MOBILE CHEST X RAY
Diagnosis?
SURVIVING SEPSIS CAMPAIGN
The 28day mortality rate in sepsis patients is
comparable to the 1960s hospital mortality rate
in patients of acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
Mortality rates of acute conditions (%)
1. Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm 50.0–
73.3%
2. Sepsis 28–50%
3. AMI 2.7–9.6%
4. Stroke 9.3%
SURVIVING SEPSIS CAMPAIGN
Joint effort by the European Society of Intensive Care
Medicine (ESICM), the International Sepsis Forum
(ISF) and the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM)
to combat sepsis and reduce the associated mortality.
To reduce the incidence of sepsis mortality by 25%
within 5 years
SURVIVING SEPSIS CAMPAIGN
Up to 50% of patients with sepsis are outside
ICUs, and it is these patients who are at
greatest risk of being diagnosed late, with
consequently greater organ
dysfunction/failure and higher
morbidity/mortality
Many interventions should be carried out
EARLY within 26hours of arriving in ER
SIRS = Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Bone et al. Chest. 1992; 101: 1644
SIRS
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
SURVIVING SEPSIS CAMPAIGN GUIDELINES
Bottom line:
Early aggressive
resuscitation to correct O2
delivery
SURVIVING SEPSIS CAMPAIGN GUIDELINES
1. Early goal directed resuscitation
• How early? STAT
• What is the goal? Early adequate
oxygen delivery to tissues as
indicated by
Urine output >0.5ml/kg/h
Warm peripheries
pH >7. 3
Lactate < 4
Venous SaO2 of >70%
SCENARIO – VENOUS BLOOD GAS
pH 6.83 (7.377.44)
pCO2 9 (3142)
pO2 35 (8095)
HCO3 2 (2129)
O2 sat 0.69 (0.960.99)
Base Excess 35.9
Hct 25
Lactate is a marker for cellular hypoxia. A
level above 4.0 mmol/L is associated with
a 27% mortality rate, compared with a
mortality rate of 7% for patients with a
lactate level of 2.54.0 mmol/L and a death
rate below 5% for those with a lactate
level below 2.5 mmol/L
SURVIVING SEPSIS CAMPAIGN GUIDELINES
START with a fluid challenge – crystalloid boluses
1000 ml – 2000ml
Aim for a MAP > 65mmHg
Capillary refill <2 sec
Role of vasopressors and colloids
Only add when patient is fluid resuscitated and
Use Adrenaline Dobutamine does not raise BP
effectively in short term
Packed RBC – aim Hct of greater than 30
EGDT ALGORITHM
SURVIVING SEPSIS
CAMPAIGN GUIDELINES
2.Control infection
Early removal of source of sepsis
drain pus/remove catheters/ debridement
Early adequate antibiotics < 1 hour
Kollef et al Chest 2000;118:146, JAMA 1997; 278:2080
SURVIVING SEPSIS
CAMPAIGN GUIDELINES
2.Control infection
2x sterile blood cultures before first doses of antibiotics
Send pus for MCS
Step down if organism is sensitive for simple antibiotic
SURVIVING SEPSIS
CAMPAIGN GUIDELINES
3.Steroids
low dose hydrocortisone adrenal replacement dose
relative adrenal insufficiency in sepsis
50mg 6hourly
only if on vasopressors to maintain BP
20% absolute RR in septic patients on inotropic support
JAMA 2002;288:862871
SURVIVING SEPSIS
CAMPAIGN GUIDELINES
4. Intensive insulin therapy
Glucose 4.46.1 vs. 1011mmol/l
Greatest benefit <8.3 mmol/l
S/C insulin no role in critically ill infusion
Only do this in high care hourly HGT
3.6% absolute risk reduction
9.6% absolute risk reduction in patients who
stayed > 5days
Also reduced ARF, ICU infection, CIPN,
transfusions
NEJM 2001, 345: 135967
TREATMENT
Limit transfusion
• Hb 79g/dl adequate in nonIHD
• NEJM 1999; 340:409
• except in resuscitation phase keep Hkt 30
in early goal directed resuscitation
TREATMENT
Lung Protective Ventilation
• Tidal volumes 68ml/ideal body weight
• Tolerate higher PC02 –as long as pH
>7.2
• Plateau pressures <35cm H20
• Use PEEP (even up to 15) in order to
reduce % oxygen
• Head of bed elevated 45% ° in all
intubated patients
TREATMENT
Early enteral feeding
• Within 24 hours
• Only absolute contraindications are
ongoing vomiting, surgery, paralytic ileus
If he doesn’t receive vigorous fluid resuscitation or if
after he has received the bolus he has no response
and Inotropes are not initiated.
If he isn't intubated, and initiated on insulin therapy
with broad spectrum antibiotic with inadequate
ventilation, he will have a PEA arrest within 15 min
of arrival in the ER.
KEY POINTS
Sepsis kills more people than STEMI’s
Speed in treatment is of the essence
EARLY antibiotic treatment NECESSITY
Continuous monitoring of vitals and blood gasses
IN SHORT:
Act fast act decisively – save a life…