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Ultrasonic Testing: NDT Training & Certification
Ultrasonic Testing: NDT Training & Certification
Ultrasonic Testing: NDT Training & Certification
Ultrasonic Testing
Part 2
mmz 2003
Ultrasonic Testing techniques
Pulse Echo
Through Transmission
Transmission with Reflection
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Pulse Echo Technique
Single probe sends
and receives sound
Gives an indication of
defect depth and
dimensions
Not fail safe
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Defect Position
B
A
Presence of defect
indicated by
reduction in
transmission signal
No indication of
defect location
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Through Transmission Technique
Advantages Disadvantages
Less attenuation Defect not located
No probe ringing Defect can’t be
No dead zone identified
Orientation does not Vertical defects
matter don’t show
Must be automated
Need access to both
surfaces
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Transmission with Reflection
T R
10% of
Maximum
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Pulse length
Pulse Length
The longer the pulse, the more
penetrating the sound
The shorter the pulse the better the
sensitivity and resolution
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The Sound Beam
Dead Zone
Near Zone or Fresnel Zone
Far Zone or Fraunhofer Zone
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The Sound Beam
NZ FZ Main
Beam
Intensity
varies
Exponential Decay
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Distance
The side lobes has multi
minute main beams
Two identical defects may
give different amplitudes of
signals
Near
Side Lobes
Zone
The main beam or the centre
beam has the highest
intensity of sound energy
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Sound Beam
Near Zone Far Zone
Thickness Thickness
measurement measurement
Detection of defects Defect detection
Sizing of large Sizing of all defects
defects only
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Near Zone
2
D
Near Zone
4
V
f
2
D f
Near Zone
4V
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Near Zone
What is the near zone length of a 5MHz
compression probe with a crystal diameter
of 10mm in steel?
2
D f
Near Zone
4V
10 5,000,000
2
4 5,920,000
21.1mm mmz 2003
Near Zone
2 2
D D f
Near Zone
4 4V
The bigger the diameter the bigger the
near zone
The higher the frequency the bigger the
near zone
The lower the velocity the bigger the near
zone
Should large diameter crystal probes have a high
or low frequency? mmz 2003
Which of the above probes has the longest Near Zone ?
1 M Hz
5 M Hz
1 M Hz 5 M Hz
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Near Zone
2 2
D D f
Near Zone
4 4V
The bigger the diameter the bigger the
near zone
The higher the frequency the bigger the
near zone
The lower the velocity the bigger the near
zone
Should large diameter crystal probes have a high
or low frequency? mmz 2003
Beam Spread
In the far zone sound pulses spread out
as they move away from the crystal
/2
K KV
Sine or
2 D Df
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Beam Spread
K KV
Sine or
2 D Df
Edge,K=1.22
20dB,K=1.08
6dB,K=0.56
Beam axis
or Main Beam
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Beam Spread
K KV
Sine or
2 D Df
The bigger the diameter the smaller the
beam spread
The higher the frequency the smaller
the beam spread
KV
Sine
2 Df
1.08 5920
5000 10
0.1278 7.35 o
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Which of the above probes has the Largest Beam
Spread ?
1 M Hz
5 M Hz
1 M Hz 5 M Hz
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Beam Spread
K KV
Sine or
2 D Df
The bigger the diameter the smaller the
beam spread
The higher the frequency the smaller
the beam spread
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Sound at an Interface
Sound will be either transmitted across
or reflected back
Reflected
REFLECTION
REFRACTION
DIFFRACTION
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The Phenomenon of Sound
REFLECTION
REFRACTION
DIFFRACTION
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Law of Reflection
Angle of Incidence = Angle of Reflection
60o 60o
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Inclined incidence(not at o
90 )
Incident
Transmitted
30°
Refracted
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REFRACTION
Only occurs when:
The incident angle is other than 0°
The Two Materials has different
VELOCITIES
30°
30°
Steel Water
Steel Steel
65°
30°
No Refraction Refracted
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Snell’s Law
Normal
Incident I
Material 1
Material 2 Refracted
R
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Snell’s Law
Sine I Vel in Material 1
C
15
Sine R Vel in Material 2
Sine 15 2730
Perspex
Sine R 5960
Steel
5960
34.4 SinR Sin15
2730
C
SinR 0.565
mmz 2003R 34.4
Snell’s Law
C
20
Perspex
Steel
48.3
C
24
S
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Snell’s Law
C
C When an incident beam of sound
approaches an interface of two
different materials:
REFRACTION occurs
Perspex
There may be more than one waveform
Steel transmitted into the second material,
example: Compression and Shear
C
S
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1st Critical Angle
C 27.4 Compression wave refracted
at 90 degrees
33
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2nd Critical Angle
C
C
57
S (Surface Wave)
90
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Summary
Standard angle probes between 1st and
2nd critical angles (45,60,70)
Stated angle is refracted angle in steel
No angle probe under 35, and more
than 80: to avoid being 2 waves in the
same material. One Defect Two Echoes
C S
S
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Snell’s Law
Calculate the 1st critical angle for a
perspex/copper interface
V Comp perspex : 2730m/sec
V Comp copper : 4700m/sec
2730
SinI 0.5808 35.5
4700
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