PREPARED BY:

GUMILAN, MA.CRISTINA S.
BSN -3
 Overview
 Lyme disease is caused by four main species of bacteria: Borrelia
burgdorferi, Borrelia mayonii, Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia garinii
bacteria. Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia mayonii cause Lyme
disease in the United States, while Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia garinii
are the leading causes of Lyme disease in Europe and Asia. The
most common tick-borne illness in these regions, Lyme disease is
transmitted by the bite of an infected black-legged tick, commonly
known as a deer tick.
 You're more likely to get Lyme disease if you live or spend time in
grassy and heavily wooded areas where ticks carrying the disease
thrive. It's important to take common-sense precautions in areas
where ticks are prevalent.
 LYME DISEASE
o Is an infectious disease
o Caused by spiral shaped bacteria called Bornella bugdorferi that carried by
infected ixodes tick.
o Tick become infected by feeding on animals that carries the bornella.
Signs & Symptoms
The clinical manifestation depends on the stage of disease:
1) Early Localized
Onset: within one month after bite
Presentation:
 Erythema Migraines:
The redness of the rash expand forming a rash in a bull’s eye
pattern.
 Rash usually feels warm to the touch but Is not itchy or painful.
 The size of the rash can range from between 2cm-3Ocm.
 Flu-like symptoms:
• Fever
• chills
• fatigue,
• body aches and a headache
2. Early disseminated stage:
Onset : Within one 104 months after the onset
of local Infection.
Presentation:
Neurological symptoms:
 Meningitis (severe headaches and neck
stiffness)
 Radlculoneuritis Infection of the nerve roots
(shooting pains, numbness or tingling).
 Bell’s palsy.
Heart problems:

• In rare cases, untreated Lyme disease may lead

to Inflammation of the heart (myocarditis).

That causes:
Light-headedness.
shortness of breath.
palpitations.
chest pain.
3.) late persistent stage
Onset: More Than4Months.
Presentation:
 Chronic neurologic symptoms occur In up
to 5% of untreated Patients.
 cognitive problems, such as difficulties
with concentration and short-term
memory.
 chronic arthritis
Later signs and symptoms
 If untreated, new signs and symptoms of Lyme infection might appear in
the following weeks to months. These include:
 Erythema migrans
appearing in other areas of your body.
 Joint pain.
Bouts of severe joint pain and swelling are especially likely to affect your
knees, but the pain can shift from one joint to another.
 Neurological problems.
Weeks, months or even years after infection, you might develop inflammation
of the membranes surrounding your brain (meningitis), temporary paralysis of
one side of your face (Bell's palsy), numbness or weakness in your limbs, and
impaired muscle movement.
 Signs and symptoms caused by the bacterium Borrelia mayonii
may also include:
 Nausea and vomiting
 Diffuse rashes (rather than a single bull's-eye rash commonly
associated with Lyme disease)

 Less common signs and symptoms

Several weeks after infection, some people develop:
 Heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat. Heart problems
rarely last more than a few days
or weeks.
 Eye inflammation.
 Liver inflammation (hepatitis).
 Severe fatigue.
 Diagnosis

Lab tests to identify antibodies to the bacteria can help confirm the diagnosis. These
tests are most reliable a few weeks after an infection, after your body has had time to
develop antibodies. They include:

 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test.

 The test used most often to detect Lyme disease, ELISA detects antibodies to B.
burgdorferi. But because it can sometimes provide false-positive results, it's not
used as the sole basis for diagnosis. This test might not be positive during the early
stage of Lyme disease, but the rash is distinctive enough to make the diagnosis
without further testing in people who live in areas infested with ticks that transmit
Lyme disease.
 Western blot test
 If the ELISA test is positive, this test is usually done to confirm the diagnosis. In this
two-step approach, the Western blot detects antibodies to several proteins of B.
burgdorferi.
TREATMENT
 Antibiotics are used to treat Lyme disease. In general, recovery will be quicker
and more complete the sooner treatment begins.

 Oral Antibiotics.
 These are the standard treatment for early-stage Lyme disease. These usually
include doxycycline for adults and children older than 8, or amoxicillin or
cefuroxime for adults, younger children, and pregnant or breast-feeding
women. A 14- to 21-day course of antibiotics is usually recommended, but some
studies suggest that courses lasting 10 to 14 days are equally effective.
 Intravenous Antibiotics.
 If the disease involves the central nervous system, your doctor might
recommend treatment with an intravenous antibiotic for 14 to 28 days. This is
effective in eliminating infection, although it may take you some time to recover
from your symptoms. Intravenous antibiotics can cause various side effects,
including a lower white blood cell count, mild to severe diarrhea, or
colonization or infection with other antibiotic-resistant organisms unrelated to
Lyme.