EEE-477(CT and PT)

Mrs. Helena Bulbul

Deptt. Of EEE, UIU
Agenda
Performance Parameters of CT
 Rated Primary current- The value of primary current on
which the performance of the CT is specified by the
manufacturer.
 Rated Short Time current- This the rms value of the
instantaneous AC current which the CT can carry for rated time
(e.g. .25, 0.5, 1, 2 or, 3 secs)without damage due to thermal or
electrodynamic stresses.
 Rated Secondary Current- The value of secondary current as
specified on the name plate.
 Rated/Nominal Tranformation ratio- The ratio of ‘Rated
primary current’ and ‘Rated secondary current’.
 Exciting Current- Specified as the current flowing through the
secondary winding of CT if a sinusoidal voltage of rated
frequency is applied across the secondary keeping primary
winding open.
Performance Parameters of CT(Contd.)
 Rated Primary Saturation Current-The maximum value of
primary current at which the required accuracy is maintained.

 Rated Saturation factor- Ratio of ‘Rated Primary Saturation

Current’ and ‘Rated Primary Current’ .

 Overcurrent Factor- Ratio of ‘Rated short time current’ to

‘Rated Primary Current’.

 Burden- Impedance of the CT expressed in terms of ohm at

rated frequency and rated power factor. It may also be expressed
as apparent power(VA)at rated secondary current,
 i.e. Zb= VA/A2
Ratio Error/Current Error and Composite Error
 Ratio/Magnitude Error: The percentage deviation of the
actual secondary current with respect to ideal secondary current,
Ip” is called the current error or, ratio error.

It is always negative.
 Composite Error: The rms value of the difference ‘(KnIs-Ip)’
integrated over a cycle and represented as a percentage of rms
value of Ip is called the composite error. It is always a positi`ve
value.

It is always positive
Accuracy Class
 Accuracy Class: These are the groups as defined by the
manufacturers for specified ratio error and composite error
e.g. Protective CT classes: 5P, 10P, 15P
Measuring CT classes: 0.5, 0.1, 0.3
Accuracy Limit Primary Current and
Accuracy Limit Factor
 Accuracy Limit Primary Current: Highest value of primary
current that a CT can carry maintaining its composite error
within limit as defined in its respective accuracy class.

 Accuracy Limit Factor: Ratio of ‘Accuracy Limit Primary

current’ and ‘Rated Primary current’.
e.g. If ALF is 10, it means upto 10 times rated primary current can
be carried by the CT keeping its composite error within limit.
Protective CT specification
 According to IEC (AS60044.1) CTs shall have at least the following
markings:
 The manufacturer’s name, a serial number and a type designation, the
rated primary and secondary current, and rated frequency. The rated
output and the corresponding accuracy class, together with additional
information specified for different types and classes of CTs, e.g.
Sample Name Plate Rating
Classification of CTs
 Based on Technology used-
 Electromagnetic CTs
 Bar/Window/Toroidal CT
 Wound Primary CT
 Opto-electronic CTs
 Rogowski Coil

 Based on application area

 Measuring CT
 Protective CT

 Based on Location
 Indoor CT
 Outdoor CT
 Designed for outdoor location
 Uses transformer oil or, other kind of cooling and insulating liquid.
 Air-gapped CTs
 Transient Performance CTs
Classification of CTs(Contd.)
 Bar Type CT
 Do not contain any primary winding, instead a straight
conductor which is part of the power system acts as the
primary(not a part of CT).
 Primary is encircled by a ring type core on which the
secondary is wound.

 Wound Type CT
 Has both primary and secondary windings arranged concentrically.
 Can withstand electromagnetic stresses produced by high fault current.

 Indoor CT
 Bar/Window/Ring/Slot/Wound are of this type
 Outdoor CT(High Voltage CT)
 Type A CT
 Type B CT
 Type C CT
High Voltage Free Standing CTs
High Voltage Current Transformer
Air-gapped CTs
 are auxiliary CTs in which a small air gap is included in the
core to produce a secondary voltage output proportional in
magnitude to current in the primary winding.

 This form of CT has been used as an auxiliary component of

unit protection schemes in which the outputs into multiple
secondary circuits must remain linear and proportioned to the
widest practical range of input currents.
Transient Performance CTs
 During transient period the current follows the equation as like,

The dc component results in early saturation of the core, hence,

 Transient Performance (TP) CTs are included in IEC 60044-6 as types TPX,
TPY and TPZ.
 TPX is the closed iron-core CT while TPY and TPX are CTs with air-gaps in
the core.
 TPY Class anti-remanence CT
 has a small gap in the core magnetic circuit, thus reducing the possible remanent
flux from approximately 90% of saturation value to approximately 10%.
 These gap(s) are quite small, for example 0.12mm total, and so the excitation
characteristic is not significantly changed by their presence.
 TPZ Class Linear CTs
 constitutes an even more radical departure from the normal solid core CT.
 It incorporates an appreciable air gap, for example 7.5-10mm.
 As its name implies the magnetic behaviour tends to be linear by the inclusion of
this gap in the magnetic circuit.
Table: Most important parameters and characteristics of Protective CT classes’ TPX, TPY and TPZ
 CHOOSING A CURRENT TRANSFORMER
To ensure that a facility runs properly the current transformer must be chosen carefully, bearing the
following points in mind:
1. Type of facility: indoor or outdoor. If it is greater than 1000 m above sea-level, altitude is also a factor to
be taken into account.
2. Insulation level: we recommend choosing as per the various standards.
3. Rated transformation ratio: remember that double or triple ratios can be used and the range can be
extended if necessary.
4. Precision class as per the various standards.
5. Rated power as per the various standards. We recommend not choosing too high a power level. If there
is a big difference between the rated power and the power of the apparatus to be installed, a resistor in
series can be fitted.
6. Rated safety factor (if necessary).
7. Rated precision limit factor (protection transformers).
8. Thermal and dynamic limit currents. These should not be set too high, as this could make the
transformer much more expensive.
9. Rated frequency.
10. Number of secondaries (cores).
11. Construction details.
If there are TP type protection secondaries, the following should also be taken into consideration:
12. Line time constant (T1 ).
13. Short circuit characteristics(T2 = is the time constant of the CT; t’ = is the duration of the first short
circuit; FRT = is the fault repetition time (dead time); TD = is the time from which CT saturation
is admitted.
14. Precision needed at In.
15. Precision needed during the transient period. This may refer only to the symmetrical component (TPZ)
or also to the non-cyclic component (TPX, TPY).
Potential Transformers: PT
Capacitive Voltage Transformer